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Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":8,"sequence":9,"period":"ED IIIb (ca. 2500-2340 BC)","name":"ED IIIb","time_range":"ca. 2500-2340 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":276924046,"entity_id":221706,"publication_id":1776904,"exact_reference":"040, BMC 06","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":221707,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"JCS 31, 042, BMC 07","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"BMC 07","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"33.0","height":"118.0","width":"118.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":8,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Lugalzagesi.07.00.00","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1129,"collection":"Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.brynmawr.edu","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.39_1","district_gadm":"USA.39.46_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-75.3127,"location_latitude_wgs1984":40.029,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":153,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":95692,"artifact_id":221707,"collection_id":1129}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":8,"sequence":9,"period":"ED IIIb (ca. 2500-2340 BC)","name":"ED IIIb","time_range":"ca. 2500-2340 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":276924048,"entity_id":221707,"publication_id":1776904,"exact_reference":"042, BMC 07","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":112093,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"JCS 31, 047 BMC 11","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"BMC 11","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":160,"period_id":15,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Amar-Suen.05.09.00","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1129,"collection":"Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.brynmawr.edu","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.39_1","district_gadm":"USA.39.46_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-75.3127,"location_latitude_wgs1984":40.029,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":153,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":46092,"artifact_id":112093,"collection_id":1129}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":15,"sequence":16,"period":"Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)","name":"Ur III","time_range":"ca. 2100-2000 BC"},"provenience":{"id":160,"provenience":"Puzri\u0161-Dagan (mod. Drehem)","location_id":126,"place_id":47,"region_id":8,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276924050,"entity_id":112093,"publication_id":1776904,"exact_reference":"047 BMC 11","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":214887,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"JCS 31, 051, BMC 15","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"BMC 15","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":98,"period_id":10,"is_provenience_uncertain":true,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1129,"collection":"Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.brynmawr.edu","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.39_1","district_gadm":"USA.39.46_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-75.3127,"location_latitude_wgs1984":40.029,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":153,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":91345,"artifact_id":214887,"collection_id":1129}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":{"id":98,"provenience":"Zabalam (mod. Tall Ibza\u012bykh)","location_id":589,"place_id":147,"region_id":8,"description":"\u003Cp\u003EThe city Zabala, located within the province of Umma; and under the jurisdiction of the governor of Umma seems to have been of minor economic importance to the central administration. Zabala has been identified with Ibzaykh (see Steinkeller (2001) 54, + fn 124). See however the Google Earth images (\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/maps.google.com\/maps\/ms?\u0026amp;ll=31.74565,45.875773\u0026amp;spn=0.01905,0.024548\u0026amp;z=15\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003E31\u0026deg; 44\u0026#39; 41.03\u0026quot; N, 45\u0026deg; 52\u0026#39; 32.71\u0026quot; E\u003C\/a\u003E), which suggest that the site was excavated recently. Note also the strong marks of illeagal excavations. The writing of Zabala in the Ur III period has not been clarified in the literature. A brief survey of the available reliable visual resources suggests that zabala3\u0026nbsp;(MUSH3.UNUG) was the correct Ur III writing of the city-name. Zabala was perhaps not an important economic center, but it was an important cultic center; in particular in the years following Shu-Suens first year, during which the \u0026ldquo;queen-dowager\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/cdli.ox.ac.uk\/wiki\/doku.php?id=sites:abi-simti\u0022\u003EAbi-simti\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;visited the city four times in five years. Zabala was the city of the goddess \u0026ldquo;Inanna of Zabala\u0026rdquo; (possibly identical with the \u0026ldquo;Lady of Zabala\u0026rdquo;, although she is often mentioned as the Apisalite Lady of Zabala), and the oldest Ur III sources from Zabala mention a temple of Inanna at Zabala; it is likely that the archives of Zabala were kept in Umma. Prior to the coronation of Shu-Suen, references to Zabala primarily recorded minor deliveries for the cult of Inanna of Zabala.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first explicit reference to the \u0026ldquo;queen-dowager\u0026rdquo; Abi-simti\u0026rsquo;s yearly visits to Zabala comes from the account concerning\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/cdli.ox.ac.uk\/wiki\/doku.php?id=sites:lu-kirizal\u0022\u003ELu-kirizal\u003C\/a\u003E, the pig-herder (\u003Ca href=\u0022\/P130196\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EP130196\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;SNAT 436] [from SS 1]). The vast majority of texts mentioning Zabala from the following five years were concerned with the annual visits by the \u0026ldquo;queen-dowager.\u0026rdquo; Although no royal visitor was mentioned in Shu-Suen\u0026rsquo;s second year, it is still possible to suggest that Abi-simti paid a visit to Zabala that year as well. The fragmentary text\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.cdli.ucla.edu\/P119869\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EMVN 18, 508\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;(from SS 1?), even alludes to a house of the queen(-dowager) in Zabala. The deliveries for the cult of Inanna of Zabala as well as the provisions for the \u0026ldquo;queen-dowager\u0026rsquo;s\u0026rdquo; visits were mostly sealed by the governor of Umma or members of his administration; one of these, Ur-Shulpa\u0026rsquo;e was perhaps a royal representative at the governor\u0026rsquo;s court.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIt seems reasonable to suggest two different, but perhaps overlapping, reasons for the \u0026ldquo;queen-dowager\u0026rsquo;s\u0026rdquo; yearly visits to Zabala. A) Abi-simti personified the Urukite Geshtinanna journeying to Zabala each year: or her visits were in any other way connected to the cult of Inanna and her status within the royal family. B) Zabala was the \u0026ldquo;private\u0026rdquo; estate of Abi-simti in the same way as Garshana was the \u0026ldquo;private\u0026rdquo; estate of\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/cdli.ox.ac.uk\/wiki\/doku.php?id=sites:simat-ishtaran\u0022\u003ESimat-Ishtaran\u003C\/a\u003E, also a member of the royal family. As is obviously A and B are not mutually exclusive, but may rather compliment each other. Further studies into the cultic responsibilities, and the \u0026ldquo;private\u0026rdquo; possessions, of the members of the royal family of Ur are needed to clarify these issues.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n"},"entities_publication":{"id":276924051,"entity_id":214887,"publication_id":1776904,"exact_reference":"051, BMC 15","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":214884,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"JCS 31, 052, BMC 16","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"BMC 16","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":10,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1129,"collection":"Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.brynmawr.edu","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.39_1","district_gadm":"USA.39.46_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-75.3127,"location_latitude_wgs1984":40.029,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":153,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":91342,"artifact_id":214884,"collection_id":1129}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. 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Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":15,"sequence":16,"period":"Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)","name":"Ur III","time_range":"ca. 2100-2000 BC"},"provenience":{"id":22,"provenience":"Nippur (mod. 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Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":276924055,"entity_id":214885,"publication_id":1776904,"exact_reference":"055, BMC 18","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}}]}]