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Nuffar)","location_id":369,"place_id":102,"region_id":8,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276963950,"entity_id":448291,"publication_id":1698529,"exact_reference":"pp. 81f.","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":268989,"cdli_comments":"20050425 penncat: Royal Inscription?; Ishmedagan Fragments; (Obv)(i)9x(ii)2x(iii)(Rev-UE)(iv)14x(v)14x(vi)14x(LE)(vii)3 lines","composite_no":null,"condition_description":"upper lower corner, ruled, 3 cols. ","designation":"RIME 4.01.04.06, ex. 01","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"CBS 13996","artifact_preservation":"fragment","is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":22,"period_id":16,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Ishme-Dagan.00.00.00","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":429,"collection":"Penn Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.penn.museum","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.39_1","district_gadm":"USA.39.51_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-75.1916,"location_latitude_wgs1984":39.9493,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":56,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Penn Museum","license_comment":"https:\/\/www.penn.museum\/about-collections\/rights-and-permissions","_joinData":{"id":142328,"artifact_id":268989,"collection_id":429}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":16,"sequence":17,"period":"Early Old Babylonian (ca. 2000-1900 BC)","name":"Early Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 2000-1900 BC"},"provenience":{"id":22,"provenience":"Nippur (mod. 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Located on the third floor of the Sterling Memorial Library, the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;houses over 45,000 artifacts. While the bulk of the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;is comprised of inscribed artifacts such as cuneiform tablets, it also houses many other artifacts from the ancient Near East, most notably cylinder and stamp seals, but also clay figurines, stone sculpture, and so forth.\u0026nbsp;It is one of the largest\u0026nbsp;collections\u0026nbsp;of seals and textual material from ancient Mesopotamia in North America and ranks among the leading\u0026nbsp;collections\u0026nbsp;in the world.\u0026nbsp;A complete reference library, a seminar room, and work space for visiting scholars invites researchers worldwide to conduct their research on primary materials.\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;Collection\u0026nbsp;aims to preserve, publish, and make available for everyone the artifacts it houses. In 2017 the Yale Babylonian\u0026nbsp;Collection\u0026nbsp;became formally affiliated with the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/peabody.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EYale Peabody Museum of Natural History\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp; This affiliation has opened up improved avenues for public exhibitions, as well as easy online dissemination of\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;materials.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThrough generous support from the Council of Library and Information Resources (CLIR) and the National Endowment of the Humanities, two major digitization efforts are currently under way: By 2022 the entire\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;of cuneiform artifacts will be digitized using high-resolution HDR photography. Approximately 25 % will also be captured employing a Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) camera dome, which was built by the Electronics and Computer Science Department at\u0026nbsp;the University of Southampton. The second tier of the digitization project focuses on the cylinder and stamp seals. The cylinder seals are captured using a Betterlight system and Oxford\u0026rsquo;s SIANE seal imaging kit.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOur current catalogue lists\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022\/search\/?collection=Yale\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003E34,754\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;items, a number that certainly will increase over time as new items previously uncatalogued will be added. Starting in 2022,\u0026nbsp;textual sources will be transliterated and translated in a major effort to make the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;even more accessible for researchers worldwide. Apart from the CDLI, all images are available on the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/collections.peabody.yale.edu\/search\/Search\/Advanced?collection=Anthropology\u0026amp;searchText2=BC\u0026amp;searchField2=CatalogNumber\u0026amp;matchTerms=AND\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum\u0026rsquo;s search portal\u003C\/a\u003E. Smaller sub-corpora will be shared with further online projects.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EFind out more:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/babylonian-collection.yale.edu\/beginnings\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EHistory of the\u0026nbsp;Collection\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/peabody.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum of Natural History\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/collections.peabody.yale.edu\/search\/Search\/Advanced?collection=Anthropology\u0026amp;searchText2=BC\u0026amp;searchField2=CatalogNumber\u0026amp;matchTerms=AND\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum Search Portal\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.7_1","district_gadm":"USA.7.5_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-72.9281,"location_latitude_wgs1984":41.3112,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":54,"license_id":"CC0-1.0","license_attribution":"Yale Babylonian Collection at the Yale Peabody Museum","license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":156503,"artifact_id":286396,"collection_id":6}}],"artifact_type":{"id":35,"artifact_type":"basin","parent_id":14,"description":null},"period":{"id":16,"sequence":17,"period":"Early Old Babylonian (ca. 2000-1900 BC)","name":"Early Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 2000-1900 BC"},"provenience":{"id":168,"provenience":"Larsa (mod. 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Tell Aqar)","location_id":112,"place_id":40,"region_id":7,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276963966,"entity_id":448598,"publication_id":1698529,"exact_reference":"68f","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":289619,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"RIME 4.12.01.01, ex. 01","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"YBC 02354","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"70.0","height":"163.0","width":"143.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":178,"period_id":18,"is_provenience_uncertain":true,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":53,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Nidnusha.00.00.00","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"stele","created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":"stele","is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":6,"collection":"Yale Babylonian Collection, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","collection_url":"https:\/\/babylonian-collection.yale.edu","slug":null,"description":"\u003Cp\u003EFounded in 1911, the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/babylonian-collection.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EYale Babylonian\u0026nbsp;Collection\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;is a center of teaching and research. Located on the third floor of the Sterling Memorial Library, the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;houses over 45,000 artifacts. While the bulk of the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;is comprised of inscribed artifacts such as cuneiform tablets, it also houses many other artifacts from the ancient Near East, most notably cylinder and stamp seals, but also clay figurines, stone sculpture, and so forth.\u0026nbsp;It is one of the largest\u0026nbsp;collections\u0026nbsp;of seals and textual material from ancient Mesopotamia in North America and ranks among the leading\u0026nbsp;collections\u0026nbsp;in the world.\u0026nbsp;A complete reference library, a seminar room, and work space for visiting scholars invites researchers worldwide to conduct their research on primary materials.\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;Collection\u0026nbsp;aims to preserve, publish, and make available for everyone the artifacts it houses. In 2017 the Yale Babylonian\u0026nbsp;Collection\u0026nbsp;became formally affiliated with the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/peabody.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EYale Peabody Museum of Natural History\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp; This affiliation has opened up improved avenues for public exhibitions, as well as easy online dissemination of\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;materials.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThrough generous support from the Council of Library and Information Resources (CLIR) and the National Endowment of the Humanities, two major digitization efforts are currently under way: By 2022 the entire\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;of cuneiform artifacts will be digitized using high-resolution HDR photography. Approximately 25 % will also be captured employing a Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) camera dome, which was built by the Electronics and Computer Science Department at\u0026nbsp;the University of Southampton. The second tier of the digitization project focuses on the cylinder and stamp seals. The cylinder seals are captured using a Betterlight system and Oxford\u0026rsquo;s SIANE seal imaging kit.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOur current catalogue lists\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022\/search\/?collection=Yale\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003E34,754\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;items, a number that certainly will increase over time as new items previously uncatalogued will be added. Starting in 2022,\u0026nbsp;textual sources will be transliterated and translated in a major effort to make the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;even more accessible for researchers worldwide. Apart from the CDLI, all images are available on the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/collections.peabody.yale.edu\/search\/Search\/Advanced?collection=Anthropology\u0026amp;searchText2=BC\u0026amp;searchField2=CatalogNumber\u0026amp;matchTerms=AND\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum\u0026rsquo;s search portal\u003C\/a\u003E. Smaller sub-corpora will be shared with further online projects.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EFind out more:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/babylonian-collection.yale.edu\/beginnings\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EHistory of the\u0026nbsp;Collection\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/peabody.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum of Natural History\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/collections.peabody.yale.edu\/search\/Search\/Advanced?collection=Anthropology\u0026amp;searchText2=BC\u0026amp;searchField2=CatalogNumber\u0026amp;matchTerms=AND\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum Search Portal\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.7_1","district_gadm":"USA.7.5_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-72.9281,"location_latitude_wgs1984":41.3112,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":54,"license_id":"CC0-1.0","license_attribution":"Yale Babylonian Collection at the Yale Peabody Museum","license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":156999,"artifact_id":289619,"collection_id":6}}],"artifact_type":{"id":53,"artifact_type":"stela","parent_id":15,"description":null},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":{"id":178,"provenience":"Der (mod. Tell Aqar)","location_id":112,"place_id":40,"region_id":7,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276963970,"entity_id":289619,"publication_id":1698529,"exact_reference":"68f","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":412603,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"SVJAD 121","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Erm 15142","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":18,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":302,"collection":"State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.hermitagemuseum.org\/wps\/portal\/hermitage?lng=ru","slug":null,"description":"\u003Cp\u003EThe State Hermitage Museum and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) are privileged to present online data sets documenting the largest cuneiform collection in Russia. The access system to this significant archive of ancient documents is the result of a intensive collaboration among several institutions, led above all by the Hermitage curator N. Koslova. Within the framework of an agreement of cooperation signed in June of 2000 by the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, and the CDLI, all cuneiform tablets of the 3rd and 4th millennia in the Hermitage collection were digitized following procedures discussed in the methods pages of the CDLI. The Digital Hermitage Cuneiform Collection marks the first humanities cooperation of its kind among research and administrative staff from a major cultural heritage institution of the Russian Federation and German and American partners, foremost the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, and the international research project CDLI based at the University of California at Los Angeles. The full catalogue of the collection, the transliterations of documents as well as word and sign glossaries are currently in preparation. Catalogues and transliterations have been completed for the Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC) subset, a major part of the early collection that encompasses over 2000 documents.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\n\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Cuneiform Texts of the 4th and 3rd Millennium in the Hermitage Collection (St. Petersburg)\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Hermitage Collection contains about 2000 cuneiform texts of the 4th and 3rd millennium B.C. These are mainly administrative and legal documents from various archives, but including some royal inscriptions. The latter will be outside the scope of this presentation, so we are left with 1945 administrative texts; the majority of these (1576) are, as usual, Ur III documents, the rest include 2 proto-cuneiform tablets, 343 pre-Sargonic Lagash\/ED IIIb texts, 21 Old Akkadian documents from different sites and 3 Lagash II tablets.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAll the texts found their way into the museum through the antiquities market, or were assumed from private collections. The first cuneiform tablets were purchased by the Royal Hermitage Museum at the end of the 19th century from a well known French antiquities dealer, M. Sivadzhan. The next acquisitions were made by the State Hermitage Museum after the October revolution of 1917. Some tablets were purchased, others simply confiscated from private collectors.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Likhachev collection\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nThe basis of the Hermitage cuneiform collection derives from one of the most famous Russian private collections, that of N. Likhachev. Likhachev was a prominent Russian historian interested in a variety of objects, from Russian icons to ancient manuscripts, Egyptian papyri and Babylonian clay tablets. It is in most cases nearly impossible to follow either the path of tablets to Likhachev\u0026#39;s collection, or their fate after 1917. According to Likhachev\u0026#39;s private correspondence, he purchased cuneiform texts from Sivadzhan and Elias G\u0026eacute;jou in Paris at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Another source was Naaman in London. The tablets are from illicit excavations of Drehem, Djokha and Tello, Drehem especially frequently since 1904.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EWe do not know exactly what happened to Likhachev\u0026#39;s cuneiform collection after the revolution. In 1918 the main part of his collection was transferred to the State Museum of Paleography, and after this museum was closed in 1938 the objects were moved to the Hermitage Museum. But before the move of the private collection into the state museum, Likhachev sold some cuneiform tablets to the Soviet government. As a result, more than 1300 tablets were moved to Moscow at the end of 1917 and later became part of the collection of the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum. Interestingly enough, most of the texts edited by M. Nikolski in 1915 (Old Akkadian and Ur III documents) were among those moved to Moscow. The reason was probably the better state of preservation of these texts in comparison to those left in Petrograd. You will now find only one Ur III tablet, one Old Akkadian document (only obverse is published by Nikolski) and two Ur III clay tags from the Nikolski edition (DV 5 = Nik 2) in the Hermitage collection.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Hermitage collection of early cuneiform\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nTwo proto-cuneiform texts of unknown provenience in the Hermitage collection were published first by V. Shilejko in 1914 and then by I. Diakonoff in 1940 in Trudy Otdela Vostoka 3, 27ff. The first one is a (stone?) tag (s. now MSVO 4:76) with a hole bored through its long axis, and with four signs on one side; it seems to belong to a well-known group of Uruk IV-period tags (ca. 3300 B.C.).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1908 M. Nikolski edited 322 administrative documents from pre-Sargonic Lagash\/ED IIIb (Nik 1; ca. 2400-2350 B.C.); most of these tablets are now in the Hermitage collection and were republished in 1989 by G. Selz (FAOS 15\/1), with the addition of three texts edited first by A. Riftin in 1929. G. Selz also republished two \u0026quot;Nikolski tablets\u0026quot; in ASJ 16, 207ff. The collection contains 30 unpublished ED IIIb documents. Of the four legal documents of this period in the Hermitage collection (all published by D. Edzard in SRU), the most interesting are two \u0026quot;House sale contracts\u0026quot; (SRU 33 and 34) written on hollow clay nails. Unfortunately, both texts are damaged. The Hermitage possesses two of six known ED IIIb letters (s. B. Kienast - K. Volk, SAB, asGir2 and asGir3). Worth mentioning are a wide variety of tags and labels in our collection, including so called \u0026quot;pisan-dub-ba\u0026quot;-labels (7) and \u0026quot;Tonoliven\u0026quot; of Urukagina (4).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAll but one Old Akkadian tablets in the Hermitage collection remain unpublished. We have 21 documents of this period: seven probably from Umma, four probably from Girsu, the rest of unknown provenience. One tablet of unknown provenience ? a letter written in Sumerian ? is edited by N. Koslova in Fs. Kienast (2003), 239ff. One more letter of the same period in our collection ? probably from Girsu but written in Akkadian ? remains unpublished. A very interesting text dated to the Old Akkadian period deserves mention here, although strictly speaking it does not belong to the sphere of the CDLI project - it is a hexahedral prism with the name of Lugalushumgal, ruler of Lagash, on one face, the other five being inscribed with the first 38 lines of the Standard Profession List (LU A). This object was published by V. Shilejko in 1915 in his book Votive Inscriptions of Sumerian Rulers because he believed it to be an inscription of Lugalushumgal. In the full edition of \u0026quot;Lu2 = sha\u0026quot; (MSL 12), our prism is mentioned as source S from Lagash\/Girsu: the first side contains lines 1-19 of the list, the sides 2, 3, 4 and 5 are completely identical with lines 20-38, side 6 contains the colophon: \u0026quot;Nisaba! Lugalushumgal, scribe, ruler (ensi2) of Lagash.\u0026quot;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Ur III part of the Hermitage collection contains 1008 texts from Umma, 406 from Drehem, 84 from Girsu, just six from Nippur and none from Ur. I have been unable to identify the provenience of 72 tablets. The modest number of Girsu texts may be due to the way the Likhachev collection was divided after 1917: the Pushkin Museum possesses several hundred Ur III documents from Girsu ? why they were selectively moved to Moscow is unknown. As for different Drehem archives, we have about 25 texts from the archive of Shulgi-simti and two from the Treasury archive, the rest coming from the main royal archive.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPublications of the Ur III texts\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\n1) Occasional publications of some texts by Nikolsky, Shilejko, Struve, Shakhov (all included in new editions).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E2) Since 1991, the project of publishing the entire Ur III collection in 4 volumes:\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Ctable\u003E\r\n\t\u003Ctbody\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:30px\u0022\u003E1.\u003C\/td\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Ctd style=\u0022width:521px\u0022\u003EF. D\u0026#39;Agostino. MVN 20 (1997): 215 texts from various sites.\u003C\/td\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\/tr\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Ctd\u003E2.\u003C\/td\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Ctd\u003EN. Koslova. MVN 21 (2000). 412 texts from Umma.\u003C\/td\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\/tr\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Ctd\u003E3.\u003C\/td\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Ctd\u003EN. Koslova. SANTAG 6 (2000). 385 texts from Umma.\u003C\/td\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\/tr\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Ctd\u003E4.\u003C\/td\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Ctd\u003EN. Koslova. The last volume (566 texts) is now being prepared for publication; it will contain Drehem, Girsu and Nippur documents, also texts of unknown provenience, some Umma texts as an addendum to the second and third volumes, and lastly all tags, including, for example, Ur III pisan-dub-ba\u0026#39;s from different administrative centers, and bullae with three or four sides sealed by Lukala from Umma.\u003C\/td\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\/tr\u003E\r\n\t\u003C\/tbody\u003E\r\n\u003C\/table\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E3) There are, finally, four Ur III letters in the Hermitage collection, edited elsewhere (N. Koslova, Fs. Kienast (2003), 239ff.) together with one Old Akkadian letter mentioned above.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EState of digitization\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nDue to the cooperation of the Hermitage Museum with the CDLI, and in particular with its German partner at the Max-Plank Institute for the History of Science, all cuneiform tablets of the 3rd and 4th millennium in the Hermitage collection were scanned in 2000 (M. Schnoepf and N. Koslova).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe full catalogue of the collection, the transliterations of documents as well as the glossaries are being prepared now. The collection, its digital library website, and its integration into the general datasets of the CDLI, will be presented on 30 October 2003 by Natalya Koslova and Peter Damerow at the Proceedings of the 5th Russian Conference on Digital Libraries in St. Petersburg\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"RUS","region_gadm":"RUS.14_1","district_gadm":"RUS.14.1_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":30.3129,"location_latitude_wgs1984":59.941,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":103,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":272042,"artifact_id":412603,"collection_id":302}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":276963974,"entity_id":412603,"publication_id":1698529,"exact_reference":"22-23","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":386881,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"TCL 10, 066","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"AO 05478","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":168,"period_id":18,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Rim-Sin.25.05.29","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":647,"collection":"Louvre Museum, Paris, France","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.louvre.fr","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"FRA","region_gadm":"FRA.8_1","district_gadm":"FRA.8.3_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":2.33587,"location_latitude_wgs1984":48.861,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":7,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":247035,"artifact_id":386881,"collection_id":647}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":{"id":168,"provenience":"Larsa (mod. Tell as-Senkereh)","location_id":315,"place_id":86,"region_id":8,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276963976,"entity_id":386881,"publication_id":1698529,"exact_reference":"110 n. 546","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":468141,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"UET 1, 0292","elevation":null,"excavation_no":"U 07755","findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"IM 085465","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":21,"period_id":16,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Ibbi-Suen.09.00.00, Ibbi-Suen.10.00.00, Ibbi-Suen.11.00.00, Ibbi-Suen.12.00.00, Ibbi-Suen.13.00.00, Ibbi-Suen.24.00.00 ?, Ishbi-Erra.18.00.00, Ishbi-Erra.19.00.00, Ishbi-Erra.20.00.00, Ishbi-Erra.21.00.00, Ishbi-Erra.22.00.00, Ishbi-Erra.23.00.00, Ishbi-E","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"Ibbi-Suen.09.00.00 to Ishme-Dagan.E.00.00","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1100,"collection":"National Museum of Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.theiraqmuseum.com\/index.html","slug":null,"description":"\u003Cp dir=\u0022rtl\u0022 style=\u0022text-align: start;\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022#english\u0022\u003EEnglish text below\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp dir=\u0022rtl\u0022 style=\u0022text-align: start;\u0022\u003E\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp dir=\u0022rtl\u0022 style=\u0022text-align: start;\u0022\u003E\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0661\u0669\u0661\u0668 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062c\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a. 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start;\u0022\u003E\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0663 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESources\u003C\/strong\u003E:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026quot;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EGertrude Bell.\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026quot;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle\u0026quot;.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003ENatural History Magazine\u003C\/em\u003E, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026quot;A Museum is Born.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022english\u0022 name=\u0022english\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003EA Short History of the Iraq Museum\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nIn the 19th century, the expeditions of Rich, Rawlinson, Layard, Botta, Loftus, Smith and others first exposed the western world to the richness of ancient Mesopotamian material culture. The Ottoman policy concerning the treatment of antiquities allowed foreign excavators to remove all finds to their own countries. In 1881, Osman Hamdi Bey, the first director of the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, required that all excavated finds be divided between Istanbul and the foreign countries sponsoring excavations.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the start of WWI, excavation in Iraq came to a halt. On October 30, 1918, the Armistice of Mudros brought an end to the war in the Middle East, and Britain was left in control of all of modern-day Iraq. The first king of Iraq, Faisal I, was to prove an important supporter of the idea of the Iraq Museum. His advisor and confidant, Gertrude Bell was instrumental in installing him as the ruler of Iraq. In 1923, Bell, the Oxford educated British Intelligence agent, Arabist, and archaeologist was appointed Director of Antiquities in Iraq. As such, she fought to keep Iraqi antiquities in Iraq. Under her direction, one room in Iraq\u0026#39;s government building in Baghdad was dedicated to housing Iraqi antiquities. In 1926, a new building was founded on the east side of the Tigris to house artifacts. This building was named the Iraq Museum, and Bell became its director until her death later that year. She was followed in this position by R.S. Cooke (1926-1929), Sidney Smith (1929-1931), Julius Jordan (1931-1934), and Sati al-Husri (1934-1941), who encouraged the excavation of Arab Islamic sites like Kufa, Basra, and Wasit. Jordan (1934-1939) and Seton Lloyd (1939-1941) each served as advisors to Sati al-Husri.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Iraq Museum was born during a period of feverish excavation in Iraq. The seminal excavations by a joint American and British team at the Royal Cemetery at Ur, the French at Telloh and Kish, and the Germans at Warka all provided the nascent Iraq Museum with some of the most stunning and culturally significant pieces in the collection.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe end of British Mandate in 1932 brought an independent Iraq into the League of Nations. In 1936, during the reign of King Ghazi, Faisal I\u0026#39;s son, a new antiquities law was enacted. All artifacts over 200 years old were now officially the property of the state and could not be removed without the permission of the government. In the years after the implementation of the Antiquities Law, some of the most important excavations in Iraq were carried out at sites such as Khafaje, Tell Asmar, Hassuna, Eridu, Shanidar cave, and Jarmo, along with new projects at Numrud and Nippur.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1966, the museum moved to a new two-story building organized around a single courtyard on the west side of the Tigris. The museum was renamed the Iraq National Museum, and in 1986 a second courtyard building was added to the museum.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBetween 1980 and 1988, during the war between Iraq and Iran, the pace of archaeology in Iraq slowed considerably. After 1988, excavations continued at sites like Nimrud, Nineveh, Jemdet Nasr, Hatra, Sippar, and Nemrik.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time of the first Gulf War, when foreign archeology in Iraq once again ground to a halt, the items on display in the Iraq Museum represented fewer than 3% of the museum\u0026#39;s holdings. During the first Gulf War, the building across the street from the Iraq Museum was bombed and several display cases in the museum were shattered. The most important objects were moved to the basement of the museum\u0026rsquo;s old storage building. Hundreds of these objects were damaged when the basement was flooded.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn February 2003, the museum officially closed and on April 10, 2003, the looting of the Iraq Museum focused the world\u0026#39;s attention on the cultural heritage of Iraq and sparked a multinational effort to catalogue and retrieve the thousands of missing artifacts.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESources:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026ldquo;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan. Gertrude Bell. Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026ldquo;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle.\u0026rdquo; Natural History Magazine, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026ldquo;A Museum is Born.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E- Robert K. Englund\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"IRQ","region_gadm":"IRQ.10_1","district_gadm":"IRQ.10.1_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":44.3852,"location_latitude_wgs1984":33.3283,"location_accuracy":50,"glow_id":42,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":316998,"artifact_id":468141,"collection_id":1100}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. 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Tell Muqayyar)","location_id":568,"place_id":143,"region_id":8,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276963986,"entity_id":415324,"publication_id":1698529,"exact_reference":"104","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":305880,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"YOS 05, 003","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"YBC 04728","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"40.0","height":"172.0","width":"83.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":21,"period_id":18,"is_provenience_uncertain":true,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Sin-iqisham.05.03.30","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":6,"collection":"Yale Babylonian Collection, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","collection_url":"https:\/\/babylonian-collection.yale.edu","slug":null,"description":"\u003Cp\u003EFounded in 1911, the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/babylonian-collection.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EYale Babylonian\u0026nbsp;Collection\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;is a center of teaching and research. Located on the third floor of the Sterling Memorial Library, the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;houses over 45,000 artifacts. While the bulk of the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;is comprised of inscribed artifacts such as cuneiform tablets, it also houses many other artifacts from the ancient Near East, most notably cylinder and stamp seals, but also clay figurines, stone sculpture, and so forth.\u0026nbsp;It is one of the largest\u0026nbsp;collections\u0026nbsp;of seals and textual material from ancient Mesopotamia in North America and ranks among the leading\u0026nbsp;collections\u0026nbsp;in the world.\u0026nbsp;A complete reference library, a seminar room, and work space for visiting scholars invites researchers worldwide to conduct their research on primary materials.\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;Collection\u0026nbsp;aims to preserve, publish, and make available for everyone the artifacts it houses. In 2017 the Yale Babylonian\u0026nbsp;Collection\u0026nbsp;became formally affiliated with the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/peabody.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EYale Peabody Museum of Natural History\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp; This affiliation has opened up improved avenues for public exhibitions, as well as easy online dissemination of\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;materials.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThrough generous support from the Council of Library and Information Resources (CLIR) and the National Endowment of the Humanities, two major digitization efforts are currently under way: By 2022 the entire\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;of cuneiform artifacts will be digitized using high-resolution HDR photography. Approximately 25 % will also be captured employing a Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) camera dome, which was built by the Electronics and Computer Science Department at\u0026nbsp;the University of Southampton. The second tier of the digitization project focuses on the cylinder and stamp seals. The cylinder seals are captured using a Betterlight system and Oxford\u0026rsquo;s SIANE seal imaging kit.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOur current catalogue lists\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022\/search\/?collection=Yale\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003E34,754\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;items, a number that certainly will increase over time as new items previously uncatalogued will be added. Starting in 2022,\u0026nbsp;textual sources will be transliterated and translated in a major effort to make the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;even more accessible for researchers worldwide. Apart from the CDLI, all images are available on the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/collections.peabody.yale.edu\/search\/Search\/Advanced?collection=Anthropology\u0026amp;searchText2=BC\u0026amp;searchField2=CatalogNumber\u0026amp;matchTerms=AND\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum\u0026rsquo;s search portal\u003C\/a\u003E. Smaller sub-corpora will be shared with further online projects.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EFind out more:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/babylonian-collection.yale.edu\/beginnings\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EHistory of the\u0026nbsp;Collection\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/peabody.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum of Natural History\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/collections.peabody.yale.edu\/search\/Search\/Advanced?collection=Anthropology\u0026amp;searchText2=BC\u0026amp;searchField2=CatalogNumber\u0026amp;matchTerms=AND\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum Search Portal\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.7_1","district_gadm":"USA.7.5_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-72.9281,"location_latitude_wgs1984":41.3112,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":54,"license_id":"CC0-1.0","license_attribution":"Yale Babylonian Collection at the Yale Peabody Museum","license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":172369,"artifact_id":305880,"collection_id":6}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. 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Located on the third floor of the Sterling Memorial Library, the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;houses over 45,000 artifacts. While the bulk of the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;is comprised of inscribed artifacts such as cuneiform tablets, it also houses many other artifacts from the ancient Near East, most notably cylinder and stamp seals, but also clay figurines, stone sculpture, and so forth.\u0026nbsp;It is one of the largest\u0026nbsp;collections\u0026nbsp;of seals and textual material from ancient Mesopotamia in North America and ranks among the leading\u0026nbsp;collections\u0026nbsp;in the world.\u0026nbsp;A complete reference library, a seminar room, and work space for visiting scholars invites researchers worldwide to conduct their research on primary materials.\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;Collection\u0026nbsp;aims to preserve, publish, and make available for everyone the artifacts it houses. In 2017 the Yale Babylonian\u0026nbsp;Collection\u0026nbsp;became formally affiliated with the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/peabody.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EYale Peabody Museum of Natural History\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp; This affiliation has opened up improved avenues for public exhibitions, as well as easy online dissemination of\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;materials.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThrough generous support from the Council of Library and Information Resources (CLIR) and the National Endowment of the Humanities, two major digitization efforts are currently under way: By 2022 the entire\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;of cuneiform artifacts will be digitized using high-resolution HDR photography. Approximately 25 % will also be captured employing a Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) camera dome, which was built by the Electronics and Computer Science Department at\u0026nbsp;the University of Southampton. The second tier of the digitization project focuses on the cylinder and stamp seals. The cylinder seals are captured using a Betterlight system and Oxford\u0026rsquo;s SIANE seal imaging kit.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOur current catalogue lists\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022\/search\/?collection=Yale\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003E34,754\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;items, a number that certainly will increase over time as new items previously uncatalogued will be added. Starting in 2022,\u0026nbsp;textual sources will be transliterated and translated in a major effort to make the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;even more accessible for researchers worldwide. Apart from the CDLI, all images are available on the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/collections.peabody.yale.edu\/search\/Search\/Advanced?collection=Anthropology\u0026amp;searchText2=BC\u0026amp;searchField2=CatalogNumber\u0026amp;matchTerms=AND\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum\u0026rsquo;s search portal\u003C\/a\u003E. Smaller sub-corpora will be shared with further online projects.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EFind out more:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/babylonian-collection.yale.edu\/beginnings\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EHistory of the\u0026nbsp;Collection\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/peabody.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum of Natural History\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/collections.peabody.yale.edu\/search\/Search\/Advanced?collection=Anthropology\u0026amp;searchText2=BC\u0026amp;searchField2=CatalogNumber\u0026amp;matchTerms=AND\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum Search Portal\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.7_1","district_gadm":"USA.7.5_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-72.9281,"location_latitude_wgs1984":41.3112,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":54,"license_id":"CC0-1.0","license_attribution":"Yale Babylonian Collection at the Yale Peabody Museum","license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":172066,"artifact_id":305573,"collection_id":6}}],"artifact_type":{"id":3,"artifact_type":"tablet \u0026 envelope","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets in ancient Mesopotamia, when sent as messages, were often encased in a clay envelope. Functioning identically to modern envelopes, the clay objects were often impressed with a personal seal to mark the item with the official guarantee of the sender. The category contains both unopened envelopes containing \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P248967\u0022\u003Eunread tablets\u003C\/a\u003E and broken or opened envelopes and their \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P142785\u0022\u003Ecorresponding tablet\u003C\/a\u003E. The \u2018Tablet and Envelope\u2019 category is distinct from both the \u2018Tablet\u2019 category and the \u2018Envelope\u2019 category as \u2018Tablet and Envelope\u2019 represents specific tablets and their corresponding envelopes that survived from antiquity."},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":{"id":168,"provenience":"Larsa (mod. Tell as-Senkereh)","location_id":315,"place_id":86,"region_id":8,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276963994,"entity_id":305573,"publication_id":1698529,"exact_reference":"145, n. 766","publication_type":"citation","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":309589,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"YOS 05, 201","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"YBC 08756","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"23.0","height":"67.0","width":"45.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":168,"period_id":18,"is_provenience_uncertain":true,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Rim-Sin.08.03.05","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"Akkadian","created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":"Akkadian","is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":6,"collection":"Yale Babylonian Collection, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","collection_url":"https:\/\/babylonian-collection.yale.edu","slug":null,"description":"\u003Cp\u003EFounded in 1911, the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/babylonian-collection.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EYale Babylonian\u0026nbsp;Collection\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;is a center of teaching and research. Located on the third floor of the Sterling Memorial Library, the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;houses over 45,000 artifacts. While the bulk of the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;is comprised of inscribed artifacts such as cuneiform tablets, it also houses many other artifacts from the ancient Near East, most notably cylinder and stamp seals, but also clay figurines, stone sculpture, and so forth.\u0026nbsp;It is one of the largest\u0026nbsp;collections\u0026nbsp;of seals and textual material from ancient Mesopotamia in North America and ranks among the leading\u0026nbsp;collections\u0026nbsp;in the world.\u0026nbsp;A complete reference library, a seminar room, and work space for visiting scholars invites researchers worldwide to conduct their research on primary materials.\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;Collection\u0026nbsp;aims to preserve, publish, and make available for everyone the artifacts it houses. In 2017 the Yale Babylonian\u0026nbsp;Collection\u0026nbsp;became formally affiliated with the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/peabody.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EYale Peabody Museum of Natural History\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp; This affiliation has opened up improved avenues for public exhibitions, as well as easy online dissemination of\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;materials.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThrough generous support from the Council of Library and Information Resources (CLIR) and the National Endowment of the Humanities, two major digitization efforts are currently under way: By 2022 the entire\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;of cuneiform artifacts will be digitized using high-resolution HDR photography. Approximately 25 % will also be captured employing a Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) camera dome, which was built by the Electronics and Computer Science Department at\u0026nbsp;the University of Southampton. The second tier of the digitization project focuses on the cylinder and stamp seals. The cylinder seals are captured using a Betterlight system and Oxford\u0026rsquo;s SIANE seal imaging kit.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOur current catalogue lists\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022\/search\/?collection=Yale\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003E34,754\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;items, a number that certainly will increase over time as new items previously uncatalogued will be added. Starting in 2022,\u0026nbsp;textual sources will be transliterated and translated in a major effort to make the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;even more accessible for researchers worldwide. Apart from the CDLI, all images are available on the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/collections.peabody.yale.edu\/search\/Search\/Advanced?collection=Anthropology\u0026amp;searchText2=BC\u0026amp;searchField2=CatalogNumber\u0026amp;matchTerms=AND\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum\u0026rsquo;s search portal\u003C\/a\u003E. Smaller sub-corpora will be shared with further online projects.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EFind out more:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/babylonian-collection.yale.edu\/beginnings\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EHistory of the\u0026nbsp;Collection\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/peabody.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum of Natural History\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/collections.peabody.yale.edu\/search\/Search\/Advanced?collection=Anthropology\u0026amp;searchText2=BC\u0026amp;searchField2=CatalogNumber\u0026amp;matchTerms=AND\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum Search Portal\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.7_1","district_gadm":"USA.7.5_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-72.9281,"location_latitude_wgs1984":41.3112,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":54,"license_id":"CC0-1.0","license_attribution":"Yale Babylonian Collection at the Yale Peabody Museum","license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":176064,"artifact_id":309589,"collection_id":6}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":{"id":168,"provenience":"Larsa (mod. 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Located on the third floor of the Sterling Memorial Library, the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;houses over 45,000 artifacts. While the bulk of the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;is comprised of inscribed artifacts such as cuneiform tablets, it also houses many other artifacts from the ancient Near East, most notably cylinder and stamp seals, but also clay figurines, stone sculpture, and so forth.\u0026nbsp;It is one of the largest\u0026nbsp;collections\u0026nbsp;of seals and textual material from ancient Mesopotamia in North America and ranks among the leading\u0026nbsp;collections\u0026nbsp;in the world.\u0026nbsp;A complete reference library, a seminar room, and work space for visiting scholars invites researchers worldwide to conduct their research on primary materials.\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;Collection\u0026nbsp;aims to preserve, publish, and make available for everyone the artifacts it houses. In 2017 the Yale Babylonian\u0026nbsp;Collection\u0026nbsp;became formally affiliated with the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/peabody.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EYale Peabody Museum of Natural History\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp; This affiliation has opened up improved avenues for public exhibitions, as well as easy online dissemination of\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;materials.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThrough generous support from the Council of Library and Information Resources (CLIR) and the National Endowment of the Humanities, two major digitization efforts are currently under way: By 2022 the entire\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;of cuneiform artifacts will be digitized using high-resolution HDR photography. Approximately 25 % will also be captured employing a Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) camera dome, which was built by the Electronics and Computer Science Department at\u0026nbsp;the University of Southampton. The second tier of the digitization project focuses on the cylinder and stamp seals. The cylinder seals are captured using a Betterlight system and Oxford\u0026rsquo;s SIANE seal imaging kit.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOur current catalogue lists\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022\/search\/?collection=Yale\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003E34,754\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;items, a number that certainly will increase over time as new items previously uncatalogued will be added. Starting in 2022,\u0026nbsp;textual sources will be transliterated and translated in a major effort to make the\u0026nbsp;collection\u0026nbsp;even more accessible for researchers worldwide. Apart from the CDLI, all images are available on the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/collections.peabody.yale.edu\/search\/Search\/Advanced?collection=Anthropology\u0026amp;searchText2=BC\u0026amp;searchField2=CatalogNumber\u0026amp;matchTerms=AND\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum\u0026rsquo;s search portal\u003C\/a\u003E. Smaller sub-corpora will be shared with further online projects.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EFind out more:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/babylonian-collection.yale.edu\/beginnings\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EHistory of the\u0026nbsp;Collection\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/peabody.yale.edu\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum of Natural History\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/collections.peabody.yale.edu\/search\/Search\/Advanced?collection=Anthropology\u0026amp;searchText2=BC\u0026amp;searchField2=CatalogNumber\u0026amp;matchTerms=AND\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EPeabody Museum Search Portal\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.7_1","district_gadm":"USA.7.5_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-72.9281,"location_latitude_wgs1984":41.3112,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":54,"license_id":"CC0-1.0","license_attribution":"Yale Babylonian Collection at the Yale Peabody Museum","license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":160729,"artifact_id":293393,"collection_id":6}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":276964010,"entity_id":293393,"publication_id":1698529,"exact_reference":"81","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}}]}]