[{"id":1669344,"designation":"First Impressions","bibtexkey":"Collon2005FirstImpressions","year":"2005","entry_type_id":2,"publisher":"British Museum Press","title":"First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East (2nd edition)","proveniences":[],"artifact_assets":[],"external_resources":[],"editors":[],"authors":[{"id":1254222,"publication_id":1669344,"author_id":656,"author":{"id":656,"author":"Collon, Dominique","last":"Collon","first":" Dominique"}}],"entry_type":{"id":2,"label":"book"},"artifacts":[{"id":212515,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"AOAT 003, 68","elevation":null,"excavation_no":"A. 391","findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"BM 131690","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":136,"period_id":10,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"1954-05-10, 001","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":868,"collection":"British Museum, London, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.36_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-0.12708,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.5195,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":8,"license_id":"CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0","license_attribution":"The Trustees of the British Museum","license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":89010,"artifact_id":212515,"collection_id":868}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. 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\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESources\u003C\/strong\u003E:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026quot;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EGertrude Bell.\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026quot;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle\u0026quot;.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003ENatural History Magazine\u003C\/em\u003E, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026quot;A Museum is Born.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022english\u0022 name=\u0022english\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003EA Short History of the Iraq Museum\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nIn the 19th century, the expeditions of Rich, Rawlinson, Layard, Botta, Loftus, Smith and others first exposed the western world to the richness of ancient Mesopotamian material culture. The Ottoman policy concerning the treatment of antiquities allowed foreign excavators to remove all finds to their own countries. In 1881, Osman Hamdi Bey, the first director of the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, required that all excavated finds be divided between Istanbul and the foreign countries sponsoring excavations.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the start of WWI, excavation in Iraq came to a halt. On October 30, 1918, the Armistice of Mudros brought an end to the war in the Middle East, and Britain was left in control of all of modern-day Iraq. The first king of Iraq, Faisal I, was to prove an important supporter of the idea of the Iraq Museum. His advisor and confidant, Gertrude Bell was instrumental in installing him as the ruler of Iraq. In 1923, Bell, the Oxford educated British Intelligence agent, Arabist, and archaeologist was appointed Director of Antiquities in Iraq. As such, she fought to keep Iraqi antiquities in Iraq. Under her direction, one room in Iraq\u0026#39;s government building in Baghdad was dedicated to housing Iraqi antiquities. In 1926, a new building was founded on the east side of the Tigris to house artifacts. This building was named the Iraq Museum, and Bell became its director until her death later that year. She was followed in this position by R.S. Cooke (1926-1929), Sidney Smith (1929-1931), Julius Jordan (1931-1934), and Sati al-Husri (1934-1941), who encouraged the excavation of Arab Islamic sites like Kufa, Basra, and Wasit. Jordan (1934-1939) and Seton Lloyd (1939-1941) each served as advisors to Sati al-Husri.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Iraq Museum was born during a period of feverish excavation in Iraq. The seminal excavations by a joint American and British team at the Royal Cemetery at Ur, the French at Telloh and Kish, and the Germans at Warka all provided the nascent Iraq Museum with some of the most stunning and culturally significant pieces in the collection.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe end of British Mandate in 1932 brought an independent Iraq into the League of Nations. In 1936, during the reign of King Ghazi, Faisal I\u0026#39;s son, a new antiquities law was enacted. All artifacts over 200 years old were now officially the property of the state and could not be removed without the permission of the government. In the years after the implementation of the Antiquities Law, some of the most important excavations in Iraq were carried out at sites such as Khafaje, Tell Asmar, Hassuna, Eridu, Shanidar cave, and Jarmo, along with new projects at Numrud and Nippur.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1966, the museum moved to a new two-story building organized around a single courtyard on the west side of the Tigris. The museum was renamed the Iraq National Museum, and in 1986 a second courtyard building was added to the museum.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBetween 1980 and 1988, during the war between Iraq and Iran, the pace of archaeology in Iraq slowed considerably. After 1988, excavations continued at sites like Nimrud, Nineveh, Jemdet Nasr, Hatra, Sippar, and Nemrik.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time of the first Gulf War, when foreign archeology in Iraq once again ground to a halt, the items on display in the Iraq Museum represented fewer than 3% of the museum\u0026#39;s holdings. During the first Gulf War, the building across the street from the Iraq Museum was bombed and several display cases in the museum were shattered. The most important objects were moved to the basement of the museum\u0026rsquo;s old storage building. Hundreds of these objects were damaged when the basement was flooded.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn February 2003, the museum officially closed and on April 10, 2003, the looting of the Iraq Museum focused the world\u0026#39;s attention on the cultural heritage of Iraq and sparked a multinational effort to catalogue and retrieve the thousands of missing artifacts.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESources:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026ldquo;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan. Gertrude Bell. Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026ldquo;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle.\u0026rdquo; Natural History Magazine, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026ldquo;A Museum is Born.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E- Robert K. Englund\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"IRQ","region_gadm":"IRQ.10_1","district_gadm":"IRQ.10.1_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":44.3852,"location_latitude_wgs1984":33.3283,"location_accuracy":50,"glow_id":42,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":122725,"artifact_id":247665,"collection_id":1100}}],"artifact_type":{"id":10,"artifact_type":"sealing","parent_id":null,"description":"Sealings are impressions of ancient seals rolled or pressed into clay objects. Although certain tablets and envelopes have seal impressions on them, the \u2018Tablet\u2019 category priorities the text over the impression. In the Sealing category, the impression is the primary identifier of the object \u2013 this would include fragments where the sealing can be seen but the text it belonged to is fragmented beyond identification. Additionally, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/cdli.ucla.edu\/search\/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P428877\u0022\u003Eclay jar sealings\u003C\/a\u003E marked by an impression used to stopper storage vessels would be found in the sealing category. For modern rollings of ancient seals see the seal category where they would be found along with their seal. Each sealing in the corpus will have a S number which denotes the unique impression made. Many sealings do not have an extant seal that correlates with the S number although those that do will share the S number with the physical object found in the Seal category. This means that a seal with a unique P number can have the same S number as a variety of other objects, each with their own P number."},"period":{"id":8,"sequence":9,"period":"ED IIIb (ca. 2500-2340 BC)","name":"ED IIIb","time_range":"ca. 2500-2340 BC"},"provenience":{"id":39,"provenience":"Lagash (mod. 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Carnegie, 11th Earl of Southesk, in 1883 from Comte Eustach Tyszkiewicz; Purchased from Southesk in 1945 with contribution from Art Fund.","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Ninurta-apli-x.--.--.-- ?","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":868,"collection":"British Museum, London, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.36_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-0.12708,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.5195,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":8,"license_id":"CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0","license_attribution":"The Trustees of the British Museum","license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":287705,"artifact_id":430180,"collection_id":868}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":20,"sequence":21,"period":"Middle Babylonian (ca. 1400-1100 BC)","name":"Middle Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1400-1100 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276966036,"entity_id":430180,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"553","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":430331,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 000233 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"IM 067920","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S000233","seal_information":"RIMB 2.06.21.04, ex. 01","stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"18.0","height":"18.0","width":"42.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":20,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":12,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"Acquired through the antiquities market.","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Merodach-baladan2.00.00.00","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1100,"collection":"National Museum of Iraq, Baghdad, 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESources\u003C\/strong\u003E:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026quot;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EGertrude Bell.\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026quot;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle\u0026quot;.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003ENatural History Magazine\u003C\/em\u003E, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026quot;A Museum is Born.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022english\u0022 name=\u0022english\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003EA Short History of the Iraq Museum\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nIn the 19th century, the expeditions of Rich, Rawlinson, Layard, Botta, Loftus, Smith and others first exposed the western world to the richness of ancient Mesopotamian material culture. The Ottoman policy concerning the treatment of antiquities allowed foreign excavators to remove all finds to their own countries. In 1881, Osman Hamdi Bey, the first director of the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, required that all excavated finds be divided between Istanbul and the foreign countries sponsoring excavations.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the start of WWI, excavation in Iraq came to a halt. On October 30, 1918, the Armistice of Mudros brought an end to the war in the Middle East, and Britain was left in control of all of modern-day Iraq. The first king of Iraq, Faisal I, was to prove an important supporter of the idea of the Iraq Museum. His advisor and confidant, Gertrude Bell was instrumental in installing him as the ruler of Iraq. In 1923, Bell, the Oxford educated British Intelligence agent, Arabist, and archaeologist was appointed Director of Antiquities in Iraq. As such, she fought to keep Iraqi antiquities in Iraq. Under her direction, one room in Iraq\u0026#39;s government building in Baghdad was dedicated to housing Iraqi antiquities. In 1926, a new building was founded on the east side of the Tigris to house artifacts. This building was named the Iraq Museum, and Bell became its director until her death later that year. She was followed in this position by R.S. Cooke (1926-1929), Sidney Smith (1929-1931), Julius Jordan (1931-1934), and Sati al-Husri (1934-1941), who encouraged the excavation of Arab Islamic sites like Kufa, Basra, and Wasit. Jordan (1934-1939) and Seton Lloyd (1939-1941) each served as advisors to Sati al-Husri.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Iraq Museum was born during a period of feverish excavation in Iraq. The seminal excavations by a joint American and British team at the Royal Cemetery at Ur, the French at Telloh and Kish, and the Germans at Warka all provided the nascent Iraq Museum with some of the most stunning and culturally significant pieces in the collection.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe end of British Mandate in 1932 brought an independent Iraq into the League of Nations. In 1936, during the reign of King Ghazi, Faisal I\u0026#39;s son, a new antiquities law was enacted. All artifacts over 200 years old were now officially the property of the state and could not be removed without the permission of the government. In the years after the implementation of the Antiquities Law, some of the most important excavations in Iraq were carried out at sites such as Khafaje, Tell Asmar, Hassuna, Eridu, Shanidar cave, and Jarmo, along with new projects at Numrud and Nippur.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1966, the museum moved to a new two-story building organized around a single courtyard on the west side of the Tigris. The museum was renamed the Iraq National Museum, and in 1986 a second courtyard building was added to the museum.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBetween 1980 and 1988, during the war between Iraq and Iran, the pace of archaeology in Iraq slowed considerably. After 1988, excavations continued at sites like Nimrud, Nineveh, Jemdet Nasr, Hatra, Sippar, and Nemrik.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time of the first Gulf War, when foreign archeology in Iraq once again ground to a halt, the items on display in the Iraq Museum represented fewer than 3% of the museum\u0026#39;s holdings. During the first Gulf War, the building across the street from the Iraq Museum was bombed and several display cases in the museum were shattered. The most important objects were moved to the basement of the museum\u0026rsquo;s old storage building. Hundreds of these objects were damaged when the basement was flooded.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn February 2003, the museum officially closed and on April 10, 2003, the looting of the Iraq Museum focused the world\u0026#39;s attention on the cultural heritage of Iraq and sparked a multinational effort to catalogue and retrieve the thousands of missing artifacts.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESources:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026ldquo;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan. Gertrude Bell. Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026ldquo;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle.\u0026rdquo; Natural History Magazine, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026ldquo;A Museum is Born.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E- Robert K. Englund\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"IRQ","region_gadm":"IRQ.10_1","district_gadm":"IRQ.10.1_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":44.3852,"location_latitude_wgs1984":33.3283,"location_accuracy":50,"glow_id":42,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":287706,"artifact_id":430331,"collection_id":1100}}],"artifact_type":{"id":12,"artifact_type":"seal (not impression)","parent_id":null,"description":"Seals are small incised objects often made of semi-precious stones that were stamped or rolled over wet clay so as to leave an impression. The category of Seal includes all \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522078\u0022\u003Ecylinder seals\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522027\u0022\u003Estamp seals\u003C\/a\u003E whether their primary function was personal documentation, demonstration of office or  amuletic in nature. Here \u2018Seals\u2019 are defined as the physical incised objects as opposed to the impressions. For the impressions \u2013 both ancient impressions on tablets and clay stoppers \u2013 see the category of Sealing."},"period":{"id":20,"sequence":21,"period":"Middle Babylonian (ca. 1400-1100 BC)","name":"Middle Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1400-1100 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276966040,"entity_id":430331,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"369","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":216678,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 000603 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"AO 22303","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S000603","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":10,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"Classical Sargonic","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Shar-kali-sharri.00.00.00","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"physical","created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":"physical","is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":647,"collection":"Louvre Museum, Paris, France","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.louvre.fr","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"FRA","region_gadm":"FRA.8_1","district_gadm":"FRA.8.3_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":2.33587,"location_latitude_wgs1984":48.861,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":7,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":93070,"artifact_id":216678,"collection_id":647}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":276962102,"entity_id":216678,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"529","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":448259,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 000606 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Rosen \u2014","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S000606","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":91,"period_id":18,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Ya\u0027usz-addu.00.00.00","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"physical","created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":"physical","is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1215,"collection":"Rosen, Jonathan P., New York, New York, USA","collection_url":null,"slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":true,"country_iso":null,"region_gadm":null,"district_gadm":null,"location_longitude_wgs1984":null,"location_latitude_wgs1984":null,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":304428,"artifact_id":448259,"collection_id":1215}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":{"id":91,"provenience":"E\u0161nunna (mod. 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0641\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0648\u060c \u0634\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 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\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESources\u003C\/strong\u003E:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026quot;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EGertrude Bell.\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026quot;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle\u0026quot;.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003ENatural History Magazine\u003C\/em\u003E, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026quot;A Museum is Born.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022english\u0022 name=\u0022english\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003EA Short History of the Iraq Museum\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nIn the 19th century, the expeditions of Rich, Rawlinson, Layard, Botta, Loftus, Smith and others first exposed the western world to the richness of ancient Mesopotamian material culture. The Ottoman policy concerning the treatment of antiquities allowed foreign excavators to remove all finds to their own countries. In 1881, Osman Hamdi Bey, the first director of the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, required that all excavated finds be divided between Istanbul and the foreign countries sponsoring excavations.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the start of WWI, excavation in Iraq came to a halt. On October 30, 1918, the Armistice of Mudros brought an end to the war in the Middle East, and Britain was left in control of all of modern-day Iraq. The first king of Iraq, Faisal I, was to prove an important supporter of the idea of the Iraq Museum. His advisor and confidant, Gertrude Bell was instrumental in installing him as the ruler of Iraq. In 1923, Bell, the Oxford educated British Intelligence agent, Arabist, and archaeologist was appointed Director of Antiquities in Iraq. As such, she fought to keep Iraqi antiquities in Iraq. Under her direction, one room in Iraq\u0026#39;s government building in Baghdad was dedicated to housing Iraqi antiquities. In 1926, a new building was founded on the east side of the Tigris to house artifacts. This building was named the Iraq Museum, and Bell became its director until her death later that year. She was followed in this position by R.S. Cooke (1926-1929), Sidney Smith (1929-1931), Julius Jordan (1931-1934), and Sati al-Husri (1934-1941), who encouraged the excavation of Arab Islamic sites like Kufa, Basra, and Wasit. Jordan (1934-1939) and Seton Lloyd (1939-1941) each served as advisors to Sati al-Husri.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Iraq Museum was born during a period of feverish excavation in Iraq. The seminal excavations by a joint American and British team at the Royal Cemetery at Ur, the French at Telloh and Kish, and the Germans at Warka all provided the nascent Iraq Museum with some of the most stunning and culturally significant pieces in the collection.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe end of British Mandate in 1932 brought an independent Iraq into the League of Nations. In 1936, during the reign of King Ghazi, Faisal I\u0026#39;s son, a new antiquities law was enacted. All artifacts over 200 years old were now officially the property of the state and could not be removed without the permission of the government. In the years after the implementation of the Antiquities Law, some of the most important excavations in Iraq were carried out at sites such as Khafaje, Tell Asmar, Hassuna, Eridu, Shanidar cave, and Jarmo, along with new projects at Numrud and Nippur.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1966, the museum moved to a new two-story building organized around a single courtyard on the west side of the Tigris. The museum was renamed the Iraq National Museum, and in 1986 a second courtyard building was added to the museum.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBetween 1980 and 1988, during the war between Iraq and Iran, the pace of archaeology in Iraq slowed considerably. After 1988, excavations continued at sites like Nimrud, Nineveh, Jemdet Nasr, Hatra, Sippar, and Nemrik.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time of the first Gulf War, when foreign archeology in Iraq once again ground to a halt, the items on display in the Iraq Museum represented fewer than 3% of the museum\u0026#39;s holdings. During the first Gulf War, the building across the street from the Iraq Museum was bombed and several display cases in the museum were shattered. The most important objects were moved to the basement of the museum\u0026rsquo;s old storage building. Hundreds of these objects were damaged when the basement was flooded.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn February 2003, the museum officially closed and on April 10, 2003, the looting of the Iraq Museum focused the world\u0026#39;s attention on the cultural heritage of Iraq and sparked a multinational effort to catalogue and retrieve the thousands of missing artifacts.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESources:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026ldquo;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan. Gertrude Bell. Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026ldquo;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle.\u0026rdquo; Natural History Magazine, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026ldquo;A Museum is Born.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E- Robert K. 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Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":320926,"artifact_id":472780,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":4,"sequence":5,"period":"Uruk III (ca. 3200-3000 BC)","name":"Uruk III","time_range":"ca. 3200-3000 BC"},"provenience":{"id":159,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. Jemdet Nasr)","location_id":379,"place_id":null,"region_id":8,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962219,"entity_id":472780,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"471","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":472827,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 006572 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":"Kish M 083","findspot_comments":"C-5 6","findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0092","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S006572","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"12.5","width":"12.5","weight":null,"provenience_id":85,"period_id":4,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"physical","created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":true,"artifact_type_comments":"physical","is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":320973,"artifact_id":472827,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":4,"sequence":5,"period":"Uruk III (ca. 3200-3000 BC)","name":"Uruk III","time_range":"ca. 3200-3000 BC"},"provenience":{"id":85,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Ingharra)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":8,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962223,"entity_id":472827,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"31","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":472889,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 006634 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1891-0453","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S006634","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":6,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"physical","created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":"physical","is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321035,"artifact_id":472889,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":6,"sequence":7,"period":"ED I-II (ca. 2900-2700 BC)","name":"ED I-II","time_range":"ca. 2900-2700 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962225,"entity_id":472889,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"53","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":472938,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 006683 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":"Kb 1838","findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1932-0322","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S006683","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"32.0","width":"22.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":3,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"physical","created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":"physical","is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. 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Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). 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Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). 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With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. 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Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321388,"artifact_id":473243,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":20,"sequence":21,"period":"Middle Babylonian (ca. 1400-1100 BC)","name":"Middle Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1400-1100 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962231,"entity_id":473243,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"248","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473252,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 006997 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1913-0317","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S006997","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"30.0","width":"15.5","weight":null,"provenience_id":270,"period_id":21,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"Collon Period Ve","provenience_comments":"Deve Huyuck, Syria","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"hunting","created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321397,"artifact_id":473252,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":21,"sequence":22,"period":"Middle Assyrian (ca. 1400-1000 BC)","name":"Middle Assyrian","time_range":"ca. 1400-1000 BC"},"provenience":{"id":270,"provenience":"Karkemish (mod. Djerabis)","location_id":296,"place_id":79,"region_id":4,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962233,"entity_id":473252,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"689","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473257,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007002 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1913-0661","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007002","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"24.0","width":"12.5","weight":null,"provenience_id":270,"period_id":23,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"Place of purchase: Turkey, Deve Huyuk","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321402,"artifact_id":473257,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":23,"sequence":25,"period":"Neo-Assyrian (ca. 911-612 BC)","name":"Neo-Assyrian","time_range":"ca. 911-612 BC"},"provenience":{"id":270,"provenience":"Karkemish (mod. Djerabis)","location_id":296,"place_id":79,"region_id":4,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962237,"entity_id":473257,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"386","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473353,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007098 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1889-0360","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007098","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":26,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":12,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321498,"artifact_id":473353,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":12,"artifact_type":"seal (not impression)","parent_id":null,"description":"Seals are small incised objects often made of semi-precious stones that were stamped or rolled over wet clay so as to leave an impression. The category of Seal includes all \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522078\u0022\u003Ecylinder seals\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522027\u0022\u003Estamp seals\u003C\/a\u003E whether their primary function was personal documentation, demonstration of office or  amuletic in nature. Here \u2018Seals\u2019 are defined as the physical incised objects as opposed to the impressions. For the impressions \u2013 both ancient impressions on tablets and clay stoppers \u2013 see the category of Sealing."},"period":{"id":26,"sequence":29,"period":"Achaemenid (547-331 BC)","name":"Achaemenid","time_range":"547-331 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962240,"entity_id":473353,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"419","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473365,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007110 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":"Kish 2177","findspot_comments":"Mound W","findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1925-0107","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007110","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"29.5","width":"13.5","weight":null,"provenience_id":85,"period_id":26,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"hunting","created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321510,"artifact_id":473365,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":26,"sequence":29,"period":"Achaemenid (547-331 BC)","name":"Achaemenid","time_range":"547-331 BC"},"provenience":{"id":85,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Ingharra)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":8,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962242,"entity_id":473365,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"699","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473392,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007137 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1921-1184","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007137","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"23.0","width":"19.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":4,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":12,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":true,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321537,"artifact_id":473392,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":12,"artifact_type":"seal (not impression)","parent_id":null,"description":"Seals are small incised objects often made of semi-precious stones that were stamped or rolled over wet clay so as to leave an impression. The category of Seal includes all \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522078\u0022\u003Ecylinder seals\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522027\u0022\u003Estamp seals\u003C\/a\u003E whether their primary function was personal documentation, demonstration of office or  amuletic in nature. Here \u2018Seals\u2019 are defined as the physical incised objects as opposed to the impressions. For the impressions \u2013 both ancient impressions on tablets and clay stoppers \u2013 see the category of Sealing."},"period":{"id":4,"sequence":5,"period":"Uruk III (ca. 3200-3000 BC)","name":"Uruk III","time_range":"ca. 3200-3000 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962244,"entity_id":473392,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"23","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473402,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007147 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1889-0307","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007147","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"35.0","width":"20.5","weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":4,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"Amorgos (from a grave), Cyclades","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":true,"artifact_type_comments":"Stamp Cylinder","is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321547,"artifact_id":473402,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":4,"sequence":5,"period":"Uruk III (ca. 3200-3000 BC)","name":"Uruk III","time_range":"ca. 3200-3000 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962246,"entity_id":473402,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"588","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473412,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007157 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1913-0542","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007157","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"22.0","width":"12.5","weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":6,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":12,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321557,"artifact_id":473412,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":12,"artifact_type":"seal (not impression)","parent_id":null,"description":"Seals are small incised objects often made of semi-precious stones that were stamped or rolled over wet clay so as to leave an impression. The category of Seal includes all \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522078\u0022\u003Ecylinder seals\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522027\u0022\u003Estamp seals\u003C\/a\u003E whether their primary function was personal documentation, demonstration of office or  amuletic in nature. Here \u2018Seals\u2019 are defined as the physical incised objects as opposed to the impressions. For the impressions \u2013 both ancient impressions on tablets and clay stoppers \u2013 see the category of Sealing."},"period":{"id":6,"sequence":7,"period":"ED I-II (ca. 2900-2700 BC)","name":"ED I-II","time_range":"ca. 2900-2700 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962248,"entity_id":473412,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"69","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473439,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007184 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1933-1095","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007184","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"21.0","width":"13.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":16,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"Purchased in Izmar, Turkey","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321584,"artifact_id":473439,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":16,"sequence":17,"period":"Early Old Babylonian (ca. 2000-1900 BC)","name":"Early Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 2000-1900 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962250,"entity_id":473439,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"671","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473440,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007185 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1913-0545","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007185","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":16,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":12,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321585,"artifact_id":473440,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":12,"artifact_type":"seal (not impression)","parent_id":null,"description":"Seals are small incised objects often made of semi-precious stones that were stamped or rolled over wet clay so as to leave an impression. The category of Seal includes all \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522078\u0022\u003Ecylinder seals\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522027\u0022\u003Estamp seals\u003C\/a\u003E whether their primary function was personal documentation, demonstration of office or  amuletic in nature. Here \u2018Seals\u2019 are defined as the physical incised objects as opposed to the impressions. For the impressions \u2013 both ancient impressions on tablets and clay stoppers \u2013 see the category of Sealing."},"period":{"id":16,"sequence":17,"period":"Early Old Babylonian (ca. 2000-1900 BC)","name":"Early Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 2000-1900 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962252,"entity_id":473440,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"123","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473449,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007194 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1913-0072","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007194","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":16,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":12,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321594,"artifact_id":473449,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":12,"artifact_type":"seal (not impression)","parent_id":null,"description":"Seals are small incised objects often made of semi-precious stones that were stamped or rolled over wet clay so as to leave an impression. The category of Seal includes all \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522078\u0022\u003Ecylinder seals\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522027\u0022\u003Estamp seals\u003C\/a\u003E whether their primary function was personal documentation, demonstration of office or  amuletic in nature. Here \u2018Seals\u2019 are defined as the physical incised objects as opposed to the impressions. For the impressions \u2013 both ancient impressions on tablets and clay stoppers \u2013 see the category of Sealing."},"period":{"id":16,"sequence":17,"period":"Early Old Babylonian (ca. 2000-1900 BC)","name":"Early Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 2000-1900 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962254,"entity_id":473449,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"123","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473453,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007198 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1914-0162","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007198","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"21.0","width":"13.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":16,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"Place of purchase, Birejik, Syria","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321598,"artifact_id":473453,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":16,"sequence":17,"period":"Early Old Babylonian (ca. 2000-1900 BC)","name":"Early Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 2000-1900 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962257,"entity_id":473453,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"145","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473475,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007220 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":"Cemetery 1, grave 396","findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1920-0201","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007220","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"26.0","width":"13.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":null,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"8th century BCE ","provenience_comments":"Sudan \u003E Merowe Province \u003E Sanam Abu Dom ","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321620,"artifact_id":473475,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":null,"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962260,"entity_id":473475,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"213","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473478,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007223 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm \u2014","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007223","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"26.5","width":"13.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":null,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321623,"artifact_id":473478,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":null,"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962263,"entity_id":473478,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"233","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473512,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007257 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm \u2014","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007257","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":null,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":12,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":321657,"artifact_id":473512,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":12,"artifact_type":"seal (not impression)","parent_id":null,"description":"Seals are small incised objects often made of semi-precious stones that were stamped or rolled over wet clay so as to leave an impression. The category of Seal includes all \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522078\u0022\u003Ecylinder seals\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522027\u0022\u003Estamp seals\u003C\/a\u003E whether their primary function was personal documentation, demonstration of office or  amuletic in nature. Here \u2018Seals\u2019 are defined as the physical incised objects as opposed to the impressions. For the impressions \u2013 both ancient impressions on tablets and clay stoppers \u2013 see the category of Sealing."},"period":null,"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962265,"entity_id":473512,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"591","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":473592,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 007337 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1913-0168","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S007337","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"25.0","width":"11.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":null,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"Purchased 1913.\r\nAssociated place: Jebel Abu Gelgel","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. 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the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EGertrude Bell.\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026quot;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle\u0026quot;.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003ENatural History Magazine\u003C\/em\u003E, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026quot;A Museum is Born.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022english\u0022 name=\u0022english\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003EA Short History of the Iraq Museum\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nIn the 19th century, the expeditions of Rich, Rawlinson, Layard, Botta, Loftus, Smith and others first exposed the western world to the richness of ancient Mesopotamian material culture. The Ottoman policy concerning the treatment of antiquities allowed foreign excavators to remove all finds to their own countries. In 1881, Osman Hamdi Bey, the first director of the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, required that all excavated finds be divided between Istanbul and the foreign countries sponsoring excavations.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the start of WWI, excavation in Iraq came to a halt. On October 30, 1918, the Armistice of Mudros brought an end to the war in the Middle East, and Britain was left in control of all of modern-day Iraq. The first king of Iraq, Faisal I, was to prove an important supporter of the idea of the Iraq Museum. His advisor and confidant, Gertrude Bell was instrumental in installing him as the ruler of Iraq. In 1923, Bell, the Oxford educated British Intelligence agent, Arabist, and archaeologist was appointed Director of Antiquities in Iraq. As such, she fought to keep Iraqi antiquities in Iraq. Under her direction, one room in Iraq\u0026#39;s government building in Baghdad was dedicated to housing Iraqi antiquities. In 1926, a new building was founded on the east side of the Tigris to house artifacts. This building was named the Iraq Museum, and Bell became its director until her death later that year. She was followed in this position by R.S. Cooke (1926-1929), Sidney Smith (1929-1931), Julius Jordan (1931-1934), and Sati al-Husri (1934-1941), who encouraged the excavation of Arab Islamic sites like Kufa, Basra, and Wasit. Jordan (1934-1939) and Seton Lloyd (1939-1941) each served as advisors to Sati al-Husri.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Iraq Museum was born during a period of feverish excavation in Iraq. The seminal excavations by a joint American and British team at the Royal Cemetery at Ur, the French at Telloh and Kish, and the Germans at Warka all provided the nascent Iraq Museum with some of the most stunning and culturally significant pieces in the collection.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe end of British Mandate in 1932 brought an independent Iraq into the League of Nations. In 1936, during the reign of King Ghazi, Faisal I\u0026#39;s son, a new antiquities law was enacted. All artifacts over 200 years old were now officially the property of the state and could not be removed without the permission of the government. In the years after the implementation of the Antiquities Law, some of the most important excavations in Iraq were carried out at sites such as Khafaje, Tell Asmar, Hassuna, Eridu, Shanidar cave, and Jarmo, along with new projects at Numrud and Nippur.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1966, the museum moved to a new two-story building organized around a single courtyard on the west side of the Tigris. The museum was renamed the Iraq National Museum, and in 1986 a second courtyard building was added to the museum.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBetween 1980 and 1988, during the war between Iraq and Iran, the pace of archaeology in Iraq slowed considerably. After 1988, excavations continued at sites like Nimrud, Nineveh, Jemdet Nasr, Hatra, Sippar, and Nemrik.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time of the first Gulf War, when foreign archeology in Iraq once again ground to a halt, the items on display in the Iraq Museum represented fewer than 3% of the museum\u0026#39;s holdings. During the first Gulf War, the building across the street from the Iraq Museum was bombed and several display cases in the museum were shattered. The most important objects were moved to the basement of the museum\u0026rsquo;s old storage building. Hundreds of these objects were damaged when the basement was flooded.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn February 2003, the museum officially closed and on April 10, 2003, the looting of the Iraq Museum focused the world\u0026#39;s attention on the cultural heritage of Iraq and sparked a multinational effort to catalogue and retrieve the thousands of missing artifacts.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESources:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026ldquo;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan. Gertrude Bell. Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026ldquo;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle.\u0026rdquo; Natural History Magazine, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026ldquo;A Museum is Born.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E- Robert K. 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\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESources\u003C\/strong\u003E:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026quot;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EGertrude Bell.\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026quot;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle\u0026quot;.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003ENatural History Magazine\u003C\/em\u003E, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026quot;A Museum is Born.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022english\u0022 name=\u0022english\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003EA Short History of the Iraq Museum\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nIn the 19th century, the expeditions of Rich, Rawlinson, Layard, Botta, Loftus, Smith and others first exposed the western world to the richness of ancient Mesopotamian material culture. The Ottoman policy concerning the treatment of antiquities allowed foreign excavators to remove all finds to their own countries. In 1881, Osman Hamdi Bey, the first director of the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, required that all excavated finds be divided between Istanbul and the foreign countries sponsoring excavations.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the start of WWI, excavation in Iraq came to a halt. On October 30, 1918, the Armistice of Mudros brought an end to the war in the Middle East, and Britain was left in control of all of modern-day Iraq. The first king of Iraq, Faisal I, was to prove an important supporter of the idea of the Iraq Museum. His advisor and confidant, Gertrude Bell was instrumental in installing him as the ruler of Iraq. In 1923, Bell, the Oxford educated British Intelligence agent, Arabist, and archaeologist was appointed Director of Antiquities in Iraq. As such, she fought to keep Iraqi antiquities in Iraq. Under her direction, one room in Iraq\u0026#39;s government building in Baghdad was dedicated to housing Iraqi antiquities. In 1926, a new building was founded on the east side of the Tigris to house artifacts. This building was named the Iraq Museum, and Bell became its director until her death later that year. She was followed in this position by R.S. Cooke (1926-1929), Sidney Smith (1929-1931), Julius Jordan (1931-1934), and Sati al-Husri (1934-1941), who encouraged the excavation of Arab Islamic sites like Kufa, Basra, and Wasit. Jordan (1934-1939) and Seton Lloyd (1939-1941) each served as advisors to Sati al-Husri.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Iraq Museum was born during a period of feverish excavation in Iraq. The seminal excavations by a joint American and British team at the Royal Cemetery at Ur, the French at Telloh and Kish, and the Germans at Warka all provided the nascent Iraq Museum with some of the most stunning and culturally significant pieces in the collection.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe end of British Mandate in 1932 brought an independent Iraq into the League of Nations. In 1936, during the reign of King Ghazi, Faisal I\u0026#39;s son, a new antiquities law was enacted. All artifacts over 200 years old were now officially the property of the state and could not be removed without the permission of the government. In the years after the implementation of the Antiquities Law, some of the most important excavations in Iraq were carried out at sites such as Khafaje, Tell Asmar, Hassuna, Eridu, Shanidar cave, and Jarmo, along with new projects at Numrud and Nippur.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1966, the museum moved to a new two-story building organized around a single courtyard on the west side of the Tigris. The museum was renamed the Iraq National Museum, and in 1986 a second courtyard building was added to the museum.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBetween 1980 and 1988, during the war between Iraq and Iran, the pace of archaeology in Iraq slowed considerably. After 1988, excavations continued at sites like Nimrud, Nineveh, Jemdet Nasr, Hatra, Sippar, and Nemrik.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time of the first Gulf War, when foreign archeology in Iraq once again ground to a halt, the items on display in the Iraq Museum represented fewer than 3% of the museum\u0026#39;s holdings. During the first Gulf War, the building across the street from the Iraq Museum was bombed and several display cases in the museum were shattered. The most important objects were moved to the basement of the museum\u0026rsquo;s old storage building. Hundreds of these objects were damaged when the basement was flooded.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn February 2003, the museum officially closed and on April 10, 2003, the looting of the Iraq Museum focused the world\u0026#39;s attention on the cultural heritage of Iraq and sparked a multinational effort to catalogue and retrieve the thousands of missing artifacts.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESources:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026ldquo;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan. Gertrude Bell. Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026ldquo;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle.\u0026rdquo; Natural History Magazine, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026ldquo;A Museum is Born.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E- Robert K. Englund\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"IRQ","region_gadm":"IRQ.10_1","district_gadm":"IRQ.10.1_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":44.3852,"location_latitude_wgs1984":33.3283,"location_accuracy":50,"glow_id":42,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":317113,"artifact_id":468625,"collection_id":1100}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":{"id":21,"provenience":"Ur (mod. Tell Muqayyar)","location_id":568,"place_id":143,"region_id":8,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962629,"entity_id":468625,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"100","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":509081,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":"Q008612","condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 012783 (composite)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":null,"artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S012783","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":250,"period_id":18,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":12,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Isi\u1e2b-Dagan.00.00.00","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"composite","created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":"composite","is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[],"artifact_type":{"id":12,"artifact_type":"seal (not impression)","parent_id":null,"description":"Seals are small incised objects often made of semi-precious stones that were stamped or rolled over wet clay so as to leave an impression. The category of Seal includes all \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522078\u0022\u003Ecylinder seals\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P522027\u0022\u003Estamp seals\u003C\/a\u003E whether their primary function was personal documentation, demonstration of office or  amuletic in nature. Here \u2018Seals\u2019 are defined as the physical incised objects as opposed to the impressions. For the impressions \u2013 both ancient impressions on tablets and clay stoppers \u2013 see the category of Sealing."},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":{"id":250,"provenience":"Terqa (mod. 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Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). 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All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":314843,"artifact_id":465484,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":{"id":23,"sequence":25,"period":"Neo-Assyrian (ca. 911-612 BC)","name":"Neo-Assyrian","time_range":"ca. 911-612 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":276962662,"entity_id":465484,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"554","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":525331,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI seals 014339 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"AO 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uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962669,"entity_id":519393,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"562","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":528975,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 015740 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1968-1517","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S015740","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"28.0","width":"20.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":null,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"Place of purchase: Iran","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"700 BC - 601 BC","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"Stamp-cylinder (material from Ashmolean catalog: limestone)","created_by":null,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":"Stamp-cylinder (material from Ashmolean catalog: limestone)","is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). 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All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":367611,"artifact_id":528975,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":null,"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":276962672,"entity_id":528975,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"400","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":537687,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Seals 016973 (physical)","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1964-0744","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":"S016973","seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":"53.0","width":"46.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":105,"period_id":2,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":94,"accession_no":null,"alternative_years":null,"period_comments":null,"provenience_comments":null,"is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":null,"accounting_period":null,"artifact_comments":"silver ram on the top now dowelled immovably into the perforation (photographs taken when the seal was in the Brummer Collection, before cleaning, show considerable corrosion) ; tiny perforation, now obstructed, on each side of the ram ; a file of cows in the upper register closely packed and moving to right ; no exact correspondence between heads and bodies shown ; below, a row of four reed huts within which are seen alternately a pair of young calves standing and two rows of handled jars ; in space between huts the foreparts of two larger calves emerge to share contents of a trough set between them ; each hut has three ringed poles rising from the far end of it ; a calf passant between each hut at pole level","created_by":null,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). 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\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESources\u003C\/strong\u003E:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026quot;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EGertrude Bell.\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026quot;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle\u0026quot;.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003ENatural History Magazine\u003C\/em\u003E, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026quot;A Museum is Born.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022english\u0022 name=\u0022english\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003EA Short History of the Iraq Museum\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nIn the 19th century, the expeditions of Rich, Rawlinson, Layard, Botta, Loftus, Smith and others first exposed the western world to the richness of ancient Mesopotamian material culture. The Ottoman policy concerning the treatment of antiquities allowed foreign excavators to remove all finds to their own countries. In 1881, Osman Hamdi Bey, the first director of the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, required that all excavated finds be divided between Istanbul and the foreign countries sponsoring excavations.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the start of WWI, excavation in Iraq came to a halt. On October 30, 1918, the Armistice of Mudros brought an end to the war in the Middle East, and Britain was left in control of all of modern-day Iraq. The first king of Iraq, Faisal I, was to prove an important supporter of the idea of the Iraq Museum. His advisor and confidant, Gertrude Bell was instrumental in installing him as the ruler of Iraq. In 1923, Bell, the Oxford educated British Intelligence agent, Arabist, and archaeologist was appointed Director of Antiquities in Iraq. As such, she fought to keep Iraqi antiquities in Iraq. Under her direction, one room in Iraq\u0026#39;s government building in Baghdad was dedicated to housing Iraqi antiquities. In 1926, a new building was founded on the east side of the Tigris to house artifacts. This building was named the Iraq Museum, and Bell became its director until her death later that year. She was followed in this position by R.S. Cooke (1926-1929), Sidney Smith (1929-1931), Julius Jordan (1931-1934), and Sati al-Husri (1934-1941), who encouraged the excavation of Arab Islamic sites like Kufa, Basra, and Wasit. Jordan (1934-1939) and Seton Lloyd (1939-1941) each served as advisors to Sati al-Husri.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Iraq Museum was born during a period of feverish excavation in Iraq. The seminal excavations by a joint American and British team at the Royal Cemetery at Ur, the French at Telloh and Kish, and the Germans at Warka all provided the nascent Iraq Museum with some of the most stunning and culturally significant pieces in the collection.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe end of British Mandate in 1932 brought an independent Iraq into the League of Nations. In 1936, during the reign of King Ghazi, Faisal I\u0026#39;s son, a new antiquities law was enacted. All artifacts over 200 years old were now officially the property of the state and could not be removed without the permission of the government. In the years after the implementation of the Antiquities Law, some of the most important excavations in Iraq were carried out at sites such as Khafaje, Tell Asmar, Hassuna, Eridu, Shanidar cave, and Jarmo, along with new projects at Numrud and Nippur.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1966, the museum moved to a new two-story building organized around a single courtyard on the west side of the Tigris. The museum was renamed the Iraq National Museum, and in 1986 a second courtyard building was added to the museum.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBetween 1980 and 1988, during the war between Iraq and Iran, the pace of archaeology in Iraq slowed considerably. After 1988, excavations continued at sites like Nimrud, Nineveh, Jemdet Nasr, Hatra, Sippar, and Nemrik.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time of the first Gulf War, when foreign archeology in Iraq once again ground to a halt, the items on display in the Iraq Museum represented fewer than 3% of the museum\u0026#39;s holdings. During the first Gulf War, the building across the street from the Iraq Museum was bombed and several display cases in the museum were shattered. The most important objects were moved to the basement of the museum\u0026rsquo;s old storage building. Hundreds of these objects were damaged when the basement was flooded.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn February 2003, the museum officially closed and on April 10, 2003, the looting of the Iraq Museum focused the world\u0026#39;s attention on the cultural heritage of Iraq and sparked a multinational effort to catalogue and retrieve the thousands of missing artifacts.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESources:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026ldquo;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan. Gertrude Bell. Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026ldquo;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle.\u0026rdquo; Natural History Magazine, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026ldquo;A Museum is Born.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E- Robert K. 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\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESources\u003C\/strong\u003E:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026quot;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EGertrude Bell.\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026quot;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle\u0026quot;.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003ENatural History Magazine\u003C\/em\u003E, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026quot;A Museum is Born.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022english\u0022 name=\u0022english\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003EA Short History of the Iraq Museum\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nIn the 19th century, the expeditions of Rich, Rawlinson, Layard, Botta, Loftus, Smith and others first exposed the western world to the richness of ancient Mesopotamian material culture. The Ottoman policy concerning the treatment of antiquities allowed foreign excavators to remove all finds to their own countries. In 1881, Osman Hamdi Bey, the first director of the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, required that all excavated finds be divided between Istanbul and the foreign countries sponsoring excavations.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the start of WWI, excavation in Iraq came to a halt. On October 30, 1918, the Armistice of Mudros brought an end to the war in the Middle East, and Britain was left in control of all of modern-day Iraq. The first king of Iraq, Faisal I, was to prove an important supporter of the idea of the Iraq Museum. His advisor and confidant, Gertrude Bell was instrumental in installing him as the ruler of Iraq. In 1923, Bell, the Oxford educated British Intelligence agent, Arabist, and archaeologist was appointed Director of Antiquities in Iraq. As such, she fought to keep Iraqi antiquities in Iraq. Under her direction, one room in Iraq\u0026#39;s government building in Baghdad was dedicated to housing Iraqi antiquities. In 1926, a new building was founded on the east side of the Tigris to house artifacts. This building was named the Iraq Museum, and Bell became its director until her death later that year. She was followed in this position by R.S. Cooke (1926-1929), Sidney Smith (1929-1931), Julius Jordan (1931-1934), and Sati al-Husri (1934-1941), who encouraged the excavation of Arab Islamic sites like Kufa, Basra, and Wasit. Jordan (1934-1939) and Seton Lloyd (1939-1941) each served as advisors to Sati al-Husri.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Iraq Museum was born during a period of feverish excavation in Iraq. The seminal excavations by a joint American and British team at the Royal Cemetery at Ur, the French at Telloh and Kish, and the Germans at Warka all provided the nascent Iraq Museum with some of the most stunning and culturally significant pieces in the collection.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe end of British Mandate in 1932 brought an independent Iraq into the League of Nations. In 1936, during the reign of King Ghazi, Faisal I\u0026#39;s son, a new antiquities law was enacted. All artifacts over 200 years old were now officially the property of the state and could not be removed without the permission of the government. In the years after the implementation of the Antiquities Law, some of the most important excavations in Iraq were carried out at sites such as Khafaje, Tell Asmar, Hassuna, Eridu, Shanidar cave, and Jarmo, along with new projects at Numrud and Nippur.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1966, the museum moved to a new two-story building organized around a single courtyard on the west side of the Tigris. The museum was renamed the Iraq National Museum, and in 1986 a second courtyard building was added to the museum.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBetween 1980 and 1988, during the war between Iraq and Iran, the pace of archaeology in Iraq slowed considerably. After 1988, excavations continued at sites like Nimrud, Nineveh, Jemdet Nasr, Hatra, Sippar, and Nemrik.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time of the first Gulf War, when foreign archeology in Iraq once again ground to a halt, the items on display in the Iraq Museum represented fewer than 3% of the museum\u0026#39;s holdings. During the first Gulf War, the building across the street from the Iraq Museum was bombed and several display cases in the museum were shattered. The most important objects were moved to the basement of the museum\u0026rsquo;s old storage building. Hundreds of these objects were damaged when the basement was flooded.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn February 2003, the museum officially closed and on April 10, 2003, the looting of the Iraq Museum focused the world\u0026#39;s attention on the cultural heritage of Iraq and sparked a multinational effort to catalogue and retrieve the thousands of missing artifacts.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESources:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026ldquo;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan. Gertrude Bell. Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026ldquo;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle.\u0026rdquo; Natural History Magazine, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026ldquo;A Museum is Born.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E- Robert K. 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Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). 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Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). 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Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":431024,"artifact_id":546324,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":94,"artifact_type":"Cylinder seal","parent_id":12,"description":null},"period":null,"provenience":{"id":162,"provenience":"Alalakh (mod. 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Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. 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Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":276962978,"entity_id":480608,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"196 ","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":"(seal only)","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":285646,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"MDP 43, 488","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Sb 01967","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":12,"period_id":1,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":6,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"with token(s)","created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":"with token(s)","is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":647,"collection":"Louvre Museum, Paris, France","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.louvre.fr","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"FRA","region_gadm":"FRA.8_1","district_gadm":"FRA.8.3_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":2.33587,"location_latitude_wgs1984":48.861,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":7,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":155794,"artifact_id":285646,"collection_id":647}}],"artifact_type":{"id":6,"artifact_type":"bulla","parent_id":null,"description":"A \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P274841\u0022\u003Ebulla\u003C\/a\u003E is a ball of clay that encased a number of tokens\u2014small clay objects that represented a number, measure, or unit. The outer surface of the bulla could be impressed with signs and seals, the latter serving to authenticate the numerical information within and on the bulla. Sealed bullae are attested from the second half of the fourth millennium BCE. Bullae as an object type are significant because they represent early examples of numeracy and accounting methods. For individual \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P252135\u0022\u003Etokens\u003C\/a\u003E of various shapes, see the \u2018Small Finds\u2019 category."},"period":{"id":1,"sequence":1,"period":"Pre-Writing (ca. 8500-3500 BC)","name":"Pre-Writing","time_range":"ca. 8500-3500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":12,"provenience":"Susa (mod. Shush)","location_id":482,"place_id":128,"region_id":9,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962981,"entity_id":285646,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"24","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":493621,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"RA 041, 042-046","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"AO 20162","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":250,"period_id":18,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Isi\u1e2b-Dagan.00.00.00","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":647,"collection":"Louvre Museum, Paris, France","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.louvre.fr","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"FRA","region_gadm":"FRA.8_1","district_gadm":"FRA.8.3_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":2.33587,"location_latitude_wgs1984":48.861,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":7,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":336729,"artifact_id":493621,"collection_id":647}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":{"id":250,"provenience":"Terqa (mod. Ashara)","location_id":541,"place_id":136,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962983,"entity_id":493621,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"198","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":448545,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"TA 1931 256","elevation":null,"excavation_no":"TA 1931 T0256","findspot_comments":"Palace of the Rulers","findspot_square":"O30:18 (lower); OSP 43, 145 (footnote): in doorway between O30:17 and O30:18 (see p. 22)","museum_no":"OIM A\u2014","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":"Kirikiri","surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":91,"period_id":16,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":10,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Kirikiri.00.00.00","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":"sealing for bag","created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":994,"collection":"Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures West Asia \u0026 North Africa Museum, Chicago, Illinois, USA","collection_url":"https:\/\/isac.uchicago.edu\/","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.14_1","district_gadm":"USA.14.16_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-87.5962,"location_latitude_wgs1984":41.7895,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":15,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures of the University of Chicago","license_comment":"Photos of artifacts held at the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures of the University of Chicago and presented online by the research project Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative are for the non-commercial use of students, scholars, and the public.","_joinData":{"id":304450,"artifact_id":448545,"collection_id":994}}],"artifact_type":{"id":10,"artifact_type":"sealing","parent_id":null,"description":"Sealings are impressions of ancient seals rolled or pressed into clay objects. Although certain tablets and envelopes have seal impressions on them, the \u2018Tablet\u2019 category priorities the text over the impression. In the Sealing category, the impression is the primary identifier of the object \u2013 this would include fragments where the sealing can be seen but the text it belonged to is fragmented beyond identification. Additionally, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/cdli.ucla.edu\/search\/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P428877\u0022\u003Eclay jar sealings\u003C\/a\u003E marked by an impression used to stopper storage vessels would be found in the sealing category. For modern rollings of ancient seals see the seal category where they would be found along with their seal. Each sealing in the corpus will have a S number which denotes the unique impression made. Many sealings do not have an extant seal that correlates with the S number although those that do will share the S number with the physical object found in the Seal category. This means that a seal with a unique P number can have the same S number as a variety of other objects, each with their own P number."},"period":{"id":16,"sequence":17,"period":"Early Old Babylonian (ca. 2000-1900 BC)","name":"Early Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 2000-1900 BC"},"provenience":{"id":91,"provenience":"E\u0161nunna (mod. Tell Asmar)","location_id":144,"place_id":54,"region_id":7,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276962988,"entity_id":448545,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"500 ","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":"(sealing)","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":386673,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"TCL 01, 237","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"AO 02673","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":250,"period_id":18,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"Ishar-Lim.00.00.00","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":647,"collection":"Louvre Museum, Paris, France","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.louvre.fr","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"FRA","region_gadm":"FRA.8_1","district_gadm":"FRA.8.3_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":2.33587,"location_latitude_wgs1984":48.861,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":7,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":246827,"artifact_id":386673,"collection_id":647}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":{"id":250,"provenience":"Terqa (mod. Ashara)","location_id":541,"place_id":136,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276981915,"entity_id":386673,"publication_id":1669344,"exact_reference":"199","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}}]}]