[{"id":147929,"designation":"FM 6, p.497-503","bibtexkey":"Chambon2002p\u00e9dagogiques","year":"2002","entry_type_id":7,"address":"Paris","book_title":"Recueil d\u2019\u00e9tudes \u00e0 la m\u00e9moire d\u2019Andr\u00e9 Parrot","number":"6","pages":"497-503","publisher":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour l\u2019\u00c9tude du Proche-Orient Ancien","title":"Trois documents p\u00e9dagogiques de Mari","series":"Florilegium marianum","proveniences":[],"artifact_assets":[],"external_resources":[],"editors":[{"id":358,"publication_id":147929,"editor_id":898,"editor":{"id":898,"author":"Charpin, Dominique","last":"Charpin","first":"Dominique","birth_year":1954}},{"id":359,"publication_id":147929,"editor_id":693,"sequence":1,"editor":{"id":693,"author":"Durand, Jean-Marie","last":"Durand","first":" Jean-Marie"}}],"authors":[{"id":337723,"publication_id":147929,"author_id":166,"author":{"id":166,"author":"Chambon, Gr\u00e9gory","last":"Chambon","first":" Gr\u00e9gory"}}],"entry_type":{"id":7,"label":"incollection"},"artifacts":[{"id":368198,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"FM 06, 074","elevation":null,"excavation_no":"TH84-T0046","findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"NMSD \u2014 ?","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":161,"period_id":18,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":2,"accession_no":"M \u2014 ?","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1206,"collection":"National Museum of Syria, Damascus, Syria","collection_url":"http:\/\/dgam.gov.sy\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\/","slug":null,"description":"\u003Cp\u003EBefore the end of World War I, Syria had no museums. The museum of Damascus was established in 1919, one year before the establishment of the French mandate, and is thus oldest cultural heritage institution in Syria. It was first located in al-Madrasa al-Adiliyeh, an historical building in the old city dating to the 12\u003Csup\u003Eth\u003C\/sup\u003E\/13\u003Csup\u003Eth\u003C\/sup\u003E centuries. A new building was constructed between 1936 and 1979, and it became what is today the National Museum of Syria. Since these years, the collections have been enriched by many new finds from numerous excavations. The objects are divided chronologically: prehistory, ancient Orient, Greek, Roman Byzantine, Islamic antiquities, and modern art.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nThe museum curates some 5,000 cuneiform tablets. These tablets are from:\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cul\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETell Al-Hariri\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(Mari): approximately 3,000 cuneiform tablets and fragments (school tablets, literary and administrative texts, contracts) have been excavated since 1998 in a private house at the north east of the royal palace. They are to be dated to the Old Babylonian period. The texts are being studied by A. Cavigneaux form the University of Geneva and will be published soon. The museum curates also some Mari tablets from the former excavations (before 1998).\u003C\/li\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETell Mardikh\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(Ebla): only 4 tablets (dating from the Early Dynastic III period).\u003C\/li\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERas Shamra\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(Ugarit): roughly 1,500 tablets from the Middle Babylonian period, of which 600 texts were recently found in the house of Urtenu and are mostly written in Akkadian language.\u003C\/li\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERas Ib Hani\u003C\/em\u003E: 130 tablets from the Middle Babylonian time, comparable to the Ras Shamra ones.\u003C\/li\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETell Sabi Abyad\u003C\/em\u003E: only one tablet that dates to the Middle Assyrian period.\u003C\/li\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETell Taban\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(Tabatum), at 20 km south of Al-Hassake. Roughly 500 tablets, mainly from the Middle Assyrian period, have been unearthed there by a Japanese team from the Institute for Cultural Studies of Ancient Iraq of Kokushikan University.\u003C\/li\u003E\r\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E(Text from \u003Cem\u003ESyrian Digital Library of Cuneiform\u003C\/em\u003E)\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"SYR","region_gadm":"SYR.13_1","district_gadm":"SYR.13.6_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":36.2901,"location_latitude_wgs1984":33.5126,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":34,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Directorate-General for Antiquities and Museums, Syrian Arab Republic","license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":229356,"artifact_id":368198,"collection_id":1206}}],"artifact_type":{"id":2,"artifact_type":"cylinder","parent_id":null,"description":"Clay cylinders were one type of clay object bearing inscriptions, especially royal inscriptions. We find \u2018ordinary\u2019 cylinders whose bases are roughly circular and symmetrical and sides are relatively straight; and barrel cylinders which typically have a bulge in the centre. The inscription was usually parallel to the axis of the cylinder unlike a prism where the inscription is perpendicular to the axis. Both types were used in foundation deposits, and may have derived from Old Babylonian \u2018headless\u2019 cones. Cylinders are attested from the third millennium, such as the \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P431881\u0022\u003Ecylinders of Gudea\u003C\/a\u003E, ruler of Lagash, and first millennium, such as the \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P386349\u0022\u003ECyrus cylinder\u003C\/a\u003E from the Achaemenid period. While there are examples of cylinders from the Neo-Assyrian kings, like the \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P450274\u0022\u003Ecylinders of Sennacherib\u003C\/a\u003E, this object type was especially favoured by Neo-Babylonian kings, such as the \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P386348\u0022\u003Ecylinders of Nabonidus\u003C\/a\u003E. Cylinders were also used in scribal schools as a medium for writing exercises during the Old Babylonian period. For other clay objects found in foundation deposits, see the categories of \u2018Cone\u2019, \u2018Prism\u2019, and \u2018Tablet\u2019 respectively. For foundation pegs, see the \u2018Figure\u2019 category. \r\n- Ellen Ryan and Benjamin Caspi"},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":{"id":161,"provenience":"Mari (mod. Tell Hariri)","location_id":324,"place_id":90,"region_id":7,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":275199408,"entity_id":368198,"publication_id":147929,"exact_reference":"no. 74","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":368200,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"FM 06, 076","elevation":null,"excavation_no":"TH84-T0009","findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"NMSD \u2014 ?","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":161,"period_id":18,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"M \u2014 ?","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1206,"collection":"National Museum of Syria, Damascus, Syria","collection_url":"http:\/\/dgam.gov.sy\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\/","slug":null,"description":"\u003Cp\u003EBefore the end of World War I, Syria had no museums. The museum of Damascus was established in 1919, one year before the establishment of the French mandate, and is thus oldest cultural heritage institution in Syria. It was first located in al-Madrasa al-Adiliyeh, an historical building in the old city dating to the 12\u003Csup\u003Eth\u003C\/sup\u003E\/13\u003Csup\u003Eth\u003C\/sup\u003E centuries. A new building was constructed between 1936 and 1979, and it became what is today the National Museum of Syria. Since these years, the collections have been enriched by many new finds from numerous excavations. The objects are divided chronologically: prehistory, ancient Orient, Greek, Roman Byzantine, Islamic antiquities, and modern art.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nThe museum curates some 5,000 cuneiform tablets. These tablets are from:\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cul\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETell Al-Hariri\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(Mari): approximately 3,000 cuneiform tablets and fragments (school tablets, literary and administrative texts, contracts) have been excavated since 1998 in a private house at the north east of the royal palace. They are to be dated to the Old Babylonian period. The texts are being studied by A. Cavigneaux form the University of Geneva and will be published soon. The museum curates also some Mari tablets from the former excavations (before 1998).\u003C\/li\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETell Mardikh\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(Ebla): only 4 tablets (dating from the Early Dynastic III period).\u003C\/li\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERas Shamra\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(Ugarit): roughly 1,500 tablets from the Middle Babylonian period, of which 600 texts were recently found in the house of Urtenu and are mostly written in Akkadian language.\u003C\/li\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERas Ib Hani\u003C\/em\u003E: 130 tablets from the Middle Babylonian time, comparable to the Ras Shamra ones.\u003C\/li\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETell Sabi Abyad\u003C\/em\u003E: only one tablet that dates to the Middle Assyrian period.\u003C\/li\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETell Taban\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(Tabatum), at 20 km south of Al-Hassake. Roughly 500 tablets, mainly from the Middle Assyrian period, have been unearthed there by a Japanese team from the Institute for Cultural Studies of Ancient Iraq of Kokushikan University.\u003C\/li\u003E\r\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E(Text from \u003Cem\u003ESyrian Digital Library of Cuneiform\u003C\/em\u003E)\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"SYR","region_gadm":"SYR.13_1","district_gadm":"SYR.13.6_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":36.2901,"location_latitude_wgs1984":33.5126,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":34,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Directorate-General for Antiquities and Museums, Syrian Arab Republic","license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":229358,"artifact_id":368200,"collection_id":1206}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":18,"sequence":19,"period":"Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)","name":"Old Babylonian","time_range":"ca. 1900-1600 BC"},"provenience":{"id":161,"provenience":"Mari (mod. Tell Hariri)","location_id":324,"place_id":90,"region_id":7,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":275199410,"entity_id":368200,"publication_id":147929,"exact_reference":"no. 76","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}}]}]