[{"id":118082,"designation":"CUSAS 26","bibtexkey":"Westenholz2014CUSAS26","year":"2014","entry_type_id":2,"address":"Bethesda, Maryland","number":"Volume 26","publisher":"CDL Press","title":"A Third-Millennium miscellany of cuneiform texts","series":"Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology (CUSAS)","proveniences":[],"artifact_assets":[],"external_resources":[],"editors":[],"authors":[{"id":310060,"publication_id":118082,"author_id":8,"author":{"id":8,"author":"Westenholz, Aage","last":"Westenholz","first":" Aage"}}],"entry_type":{"id":2,"label":"book"},"artifacts":[{"id":212569,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"AuOr 06, 106 U 4396","elevation":null,"excavation_no":"U 04396","findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Penn \u2014 ?","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":21,"period_id":10,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":429,"collection":"Penn Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.penn.museum","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Educational institution","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Group","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"USA","region_gadm":"USA.39_1","district_gadm":"USA.39.51_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-75.1916,"location_latitude_wgs1984":39.9493,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":56,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Penn Museum","license_comment":"https:\/\/www.penn.museum\/about-collections\/rights-and-permissions","_joinData":{"id":89060,"artifact_id":212569,"collection_id":429}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":{"id":21,"provenience":"Ur (mod. Tell Muqayyar)","location_id":568,"place_id":143,"region_id":8,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276490064,"entity_id":212569,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"227","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":451555,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CDLI Lexical 000003, ex. 052","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409q","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"21.0","height":"30.0","width":"31.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":null,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":"00.00.00.00","dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. 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Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":{"id":25,"provenience":"Sippar-Yahrurum (mod. 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Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":{"id":88,"provenience":"Girsu (mod. 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Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":{"id":25,"provenience":"Sippar-Yahrurum (mod. 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Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275253257,"entity_id":467738,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"9","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":467737,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 010","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"BM 071378","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":25,"period_id":10,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":true,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":868,"collection":"British Museum, London, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org","slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.36_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-0.12708,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.5195,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":8,"license_id":"CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0","license_attribution":"The Trustees of the British Museum","license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":316824,"artifact_id":467737,"collection_id":868}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":{"id":25,"provenience":"Sippar-Yahrurum (mod. Tell Abu Habbah)","location_id":431,"place_id":118,"region_id":7,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":275253256,"entity_id":467737,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"10","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":451564,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 013","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409z","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"17.0","height":"33.0","width":"26.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":null,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":307310,"artifact_id":451564,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":null,"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":275247014,"entity_id":451564,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"13","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":427608,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 015","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409l","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":285383,"artifact_id":427608,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Uhaimir)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":275227381,"entity_id":427608,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"15","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":451120,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 020","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1924-1561 + Ashm 1930-0409g","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"25.0","height":"45.0","width":"48.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":null,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":null,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":306889,"artifact_id":451120,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":null,"period":null,"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275246986,"entity_id":451120,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"20","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":451542,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 022","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0361b","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"17.0","height":"34.0","width":"25.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":null,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":null,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":307291,"artifact_id":451542,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":null,"period":null,"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275247011,"entity_id":451542,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"22","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":427607,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 024","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409k","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":285382,"artifact_id":427607,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Uhaimir)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":275227380,"entity_id":427607,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"24","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":427610,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 028","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409n","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":285385,"artifact_id":427610,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Uhaimir)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":275227383,"entity_id":427610,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"28","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":467734,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 029","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1932-0371c","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"24.0","height":"44.0","width":"28.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":10,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":true,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":316821,"artifact_id":467734,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275253253,"entity_id":467734,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"29","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":451691,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 030","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1932-0371a","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"24.0","height":"45.0","width":"42.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":null,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":null,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. 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Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). 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With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":307395,"artifact_id":451691,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":null,"period":null,"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275247026,"entity_id":451691,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"30","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":451560,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 033","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409u","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"35.0","height":"66.0","width":"75.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":307307,"artifact_id":451560,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":306,"provenience":"uncertain (mod. uncertain)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":275247013,"entity_id":451560,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"33","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":427609,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 036","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409m","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":285384,"artifact_id":427609,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Uhaimir)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":275227382,"entity_id":427609,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"36","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":427611,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 037","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409v","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":285386,"artifact_id":427611,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Uhaimir)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":275227384,"entity_id":427611,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"37","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":450902,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 038","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1924-1038 + Ashm 1930-0409r","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"25.0","height":"32.0","width":"37.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":null,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":null,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":306673,"artifact_id":450902,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":null,"period":null,"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275246935,"entity_id":450902,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"38","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":451046,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 039","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1924-1379","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"38.0","height":"53.0","width":"90.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":10,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":null,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":306817,"artifact_id":451046,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":null,"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275246974,"entity_id":451046,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"39","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":451592,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 040","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1931-0126","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"34.0","height":"118.0","width":"92.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":null,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":null,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":307337,"artifact_id":451592,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":null,"period":null,"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275247017,"entity_id":451592,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"40","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":451589,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 041","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1931-0123b","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"31.0","height":"70.0","width":"45.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":null,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":null,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":307334,"artifact_id":451589,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":null,"period":null,"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275247016,"entity_id":451589,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"41","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":451588,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 042","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1931-0123a","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"29.0","height":"50.0","width":"34.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":null,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":null,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. 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Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":306819,"artifact_id":451048,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":null,"period":null,"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275246975,"entity_id":451048,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"43","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":427623,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 045","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Anonymous 427623","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":306,"period_id":10,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":true,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1246,"collection":"anonymous","collection_url":null,"slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Person","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Individual","collection_holding_status":"Unknown","collection_is_private":true,"country_iso":null,"region_gadm":null,"district_gadm":null,"location_longitude_wgs1984":null,"location_latitude_wgs1984":null,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":673,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":285396,"artifact_id":427623,"collection_id":1246}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. 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Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275253347,"entity_id":467813,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"295","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":467812,"cdli_comments":"20170406 foxvog: \/\/ P213266, P467812, P467813","composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 296","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Anonymous 467812","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":10,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":true,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":true,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1246,"collection":"anonymous","collection_url":null,"slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Person","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Individual","collection_holding_status":"Unknown","collection_is_private":true,"country_iso":null,"region_gadm":null,"district_gadm":null,"location_longitude_wgs1984":null,"location_latitude_wgs1984":null,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":673,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":316878,"artifact_id":467812,"collection_id":1246}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275253346,"entity_id":467812,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"296","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":467810,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"CUSAS 26, 297","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Anonymous 467810","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":null,"period_id":10,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":true,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":true,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1246,"collection":"anonymous","collection_url":null,"slug":null,"description":null,"is_pinned":false,"collection_actor":"Person","collection_holding":"Collection","collection_actor_status":"Individual","collection_holding_status":"Unknown","collection_is_private":true,"country_iso":null,"region_gadm":null,"district_gadm":null,"location_longitude_wgs1984":null,"location_latitude_wgs1984":null,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":673,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":null,"license_comment":null,"_joinData":{"id":316876,"artifact_id":467810,"collection_id":1246}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":null,"entities_publication":{"id":275253344,"entity_id":467810,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"297","publication_type":"primary","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":222935,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"EK 4, pl. 26, no. 5, W 1930-361a","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0361a","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":8,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"W 1930-361a","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":96880,"artifact_id":222935,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":8,"sequence":9,"period":"ED IIIb (ca. 2500-2340 BC)","name":"ED IIIb","time_range":"ca. 2500-2340 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Uhaimir)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276807000,"entity_id":222935,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"21","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":222928,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"EK 4, pl. 34, W 1930-752","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0752","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":6,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"W 1930-752","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"period uncertain","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":96873,"artifact_id":222928,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":6,"sequence":7,"period":"ED I-II (ca. 2900-2700 BC)","name":"ED I-II","time_range":"ca. 2900-2700 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Uhaimir)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276864187,"entity_id":222928,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"12","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":222929,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"EK 4, pl. 36, W 1930-409a","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409a","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"W 1930-409a","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":96874,"artifact_id":222929,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Uhaimir)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276807005,"entity_id":222929,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"23","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":225825,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"EK 4, pl. 36, W 1930-409b","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409b","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"W 1930-409b","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":99533,"artifact_id":225825,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. 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Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":99534,"artifact_id":225826,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. 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"},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. 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Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. 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With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":99535,"artifact_id":225827,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. 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Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":96876,"artifact_id":222931,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":6,"sequence":7,"period":"ED I-II (ca. 2900-2700 BC)","name":"ED I-II","time_range":"ca. 2900-2700 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. 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Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":96881,"artifact_id":222936,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. 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Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":96882,"artifact_id":222937,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Uhaimir)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276807017,"entity_id":222937,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"26","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":222938,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"EK 4, pl. 44, no. 5, W 1930-349a","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0349a","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"W 1930-349a","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":96883,"artifact_id":222938,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Uhaimir)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276807019,"entity_id":222938,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"34","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":222932,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"EK 4, pl. 59, W 1930-409f","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409f","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"W 1930-409f","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":96877,"artifact_id":222932,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Uhaimir)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276807023,"entity_id":222932,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"16","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":222933,"cdli_comments":"P222930?P222930?","composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"EK 4, pl. 59, W 1930-409j +","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409j + Ashm 1930-0409s","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"W 1930-409j","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":true,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":96878,"artifact_id":222933,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. Tell Uhaimir)","location_id":null,"place_id":null,"region_id":null,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276807025,"entity_id":222933,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"32","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":null,"table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":222934,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"EK 4, pl. 60, W 1930-409h +","elevation":null,"excavation_no":null,"findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1930-0409h + Ashm 1930-0409y","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":null,"height":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"provenience_id":184,"period_id":7,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"W 1930-409h","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":96879,"artifact_id":222934,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. 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Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. 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Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":{"id":154,"provenience":"Umma (mod. 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Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":{"id":154,"provenience":"Umma (mod. 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Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":10,"sequence":11,"period":"Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)","name":"Old Akkadian","time_range":"ca. 2340-2200 BC"},"provenience":{"id":154,"provenience":"Umma (mod. Tell Jokha)","location_id":238,"place_id":71,"region_id":8,"description":null},"entities_publication":{"id":276490896,"entity_id":214970,"publication_id":118082,"exact_reference":"170","publication_type":"history","publication_comments":"","table_name":"artifacts"}},{"id":5307,"cdli_comments":null,"composite_no":null,"condition_description":null,"designation":"MSVO 1, 240","elevation":null,"excavation_no":"Ashm 1937,626","findspot_comments":null,"findspot_square":null,"museum_no":"Ashm 1937-0626","artifact_preservation":null,"is_public":true,"is_atf_public":true,"are_images_public":true,"seal_no":null,"seal_information":null,"stratigraphic_level":null,"surface_preservation":null,"thickness":"16.0","height":"50.0","width":"29.0","weight":null,"provenience_id":159,"period_id":4,"is_provenience_uncertain":false,"is_period_uncertain":false,"artifact_type_id":4,"accession_no":"","alternative_years":"","period_comments":"","provenience_comments":"","is_school_text":false,"written_in":null,"is_artifact_type_uncertain":false,"archive_id":null,"dates_referenced":null,"dates_referenced_comments":"","accounting_period":"","artifact_comments":null,"created_by":820,"retired":false,"has_fragments":false,"is_artifact_fake":false,"destroyed":null,"unlocated":null,"anepigraphic":null,"artifact_type_comments":null,"is_archive_uncertain":null,"redirect_artifact_id":null,"retired_comments":null,"collections":[{"id":1418,"collection":"Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/ancient-near-east-0","slug":"ashmolean-museum","description":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eintroduction to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ashmolean.org\/\u0022\u003EAshmolean Museum\u003C\/a\u003E collections of tablets and inscribed objects\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside the British Museum, the collection of ancient Near Eastern inscriptions and objects in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, is the largest and the most representative of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its value is further increased by the presence of the Bodleian Library\u0026rsquo;s collection of cuneiform tablets. The Ashmolean collection includes tablets allocated to the Museum after excavations by the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933). They constitute the largest provenienced group within the collection. In addition, there are gifts and purchases of tablets, usually without reliable information on their original source.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EStephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon\u0026rsquo;s enduring legacy was the\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;2 presented what subsequently became known as the \u0026ldquo;Weld-Blundell prism,\u0026rdquo; featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022\/dl\/tn_photo\/P384786.jpg\u0022 \/\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weld-Blundell prism\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReginald Campbell Thompson\u0026rsquo;s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean\u0026#39;s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EMaterials for the Sumerian Lexicon\u003C\/em\u003E. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan\u0026rsquo;s publication of Hellenistic texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joann\u0026egrave;s copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;12 (1990).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum\u0026rsquo;s collection, published as\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson\u0026rsquo;s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EOECT\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;15.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb\u0026rsquo;s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Gr\u0026eacute;goire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1\/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (\u003Cem\u003EMSVO\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1; Berlin, 1991).\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EText based on Roger Moorey\u0026rsquo;s preface in\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EAAICAB\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","is_pinned":true,"collection_actor":null,"collection_holding":null,"collection_actor_status":null,"collection_holding_status":null,"collection_is_private":false,"country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.69_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-1.26007,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.7554,"location_accuracy":null,"glow_id":null,"license_id":null,"license_attribution":"Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford","license_comment":"The digitized images of photographs and original tablets presented in the joint database of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK, and the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Los Angeles\/Berlin, are for the personal, non-profit use of students, scholars, and the public. All such images are subject to copyright laws and are the exclusive property of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. Commercial use or publication of these images is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the Ashmolean Museum.","_joinData":{"id":30338,"artifact_id":5307,"collection_id":1418}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27,"description":"Tablets were the most common medium for writing in Mesopotamia. Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. 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Styluses were impressed upon wet clay which, when sun dried or baked, would harden and preserve the text. Tablets were used for official letters and missives, economic archival texts, legal texts, religious documents and the recording of omen lists to educational texts and poetry. The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. 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\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESources\u003C\/strong\u003E:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026quot;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EGertrude Bell.\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026quot;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle\u0026quot;.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003ENatural History Magazine\u003C\/em\u003E, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026quot;A Museum is Born.\u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EThe Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia\u003C\/em\u003E. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022english\u0022 name=\u0022english\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003EA Short History of the Iraq Museum\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nIn the 19th century, the expeditions of Rich, Rawlinson, Layard, Botta, Loftus, Smith and others first exposed the western world to the richness of ancient Mesopotamian material culture. The Ottoman policy concerning the treatment of antiquities allowed foreign excavators to remove all finds to their own countries. In 1881, Osman Hamdi Bey, the first director of the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, required that all excavated finds be divided between Istanbul and the foreign countries sponsoring excavations.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the start of WWI, excavation in Iraq came to a halt. On October 30, 1918, the Armistice of Mudros brought an end to the war in the Middle East, and Britain was left in control of all of modern-day Iraq. The first king of Iraq, Faisal I, was to prove an important supporter of the idea of the Iraq Museum. His advisor and confidant, Gertrude Bell was instrumental in installing him as the ruler of Iraq. In 1923, Bell, the Oxford educated British Intelligence agent, Arabist, and archaeologist was appointed Director of Antiquities in Iraq. As such, she fought to keep Iraqi antiquities in Iraq. Under her direction, one room in Iraq\u0026#39;s government building in Baghdad was dedicated to housing Iraqi antiquities. In 1926, a new building was founded on the east side of the Tigris to house artifacts. This building was named the Iraq Museum, and Bell became its director until her death later that year. She was followed in this position by R.S. Cooke (1926-1929), Sidney Smith (1929-1931), Julius Jordan (1931-1934), and Sati al-Husri (1934-1941), who encouraged the excavation of Arab Islamic sites like Kufa, Basra, and Wasit. Jordan (1934-1939) and Seton Lloyd (1939-1941) each served as advisors to Sati al-Husri.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Iraq Museum was born during a period of feverish excavation in Iraq. The seminal excavations by a joint American and British team at the Royal Cemetery at Ur, the French at Telloh and Kish, and the Germans at Warka all provided the nascent Iraq Museum with some of the most stunning and culturally significant pieces in the collection.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe end of British Mandate in 1932 brought an independent Iraq into the League of Nations. In 1936, during the reign of King Ghazi, Faisal I\u0026#39;s son, a new antiquities law was enacted. All artifacts over 200 years old were now officially the property of the state and could not be removed without the permission of the government. In the years after the implementation of the Antiquities Law, some of the most important excavations in Iraq were carried out at sites such as Khafaje, Tell Asmar, Hassuna, Eridu, Shanidar cave, and Jarmo, along with new projects at Numrud and Nippur.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1966, the museum moved to a new two-story building organized around a single courtyard on the west side of the Tigris. The museum was renamed the Iraq National Museum, and in 1986 a second courtyard building was added to the museum.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBetween 1980 and 1988, during the war between Iraq and Iran, the pace of archaeology in Iraq slowed considerably. After 1988, excavations continued at sites like Nimrud, Nineveh, Jemdet Nasr, Hatra, Sippar, and Nemrik.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time of the first Gulf War, when foreign archeology in Iraq once again ground to a halt, the items on display in the Iraq Museum represented fewer than 3% of the museum\u0026#39;s holdings. During the first Gulf War, the building across the street from the Iraq Museum was bombed and several display cases in the museum were shattered. The most important objects were moved to the basement of the museum\u0026rsquo;s old storage building. Hundreds of these objects were damaged when the basement was flooded.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIn February 2003, the museum officially closed and on April 10, 2003, the looting of the Iraq Museum focused the world\u0026#39;s attention on the cultural heritage of Iraq and sparked a multinational effort to catalogue and retrieve the thousands of missing artifacts.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESources:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGhaidan, Usam, and Anna Paolini. \u0026ldquo;A Short History of the Iraq National Museum.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 20-25. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nGoodman, Susan. Gertrude Bell. Oxford: Berg, 1992.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nRussell, John Malcolm. \u0026ldquo;Robbing the Archaeological Cradle.\u0026rdquo; Natural History Magazine, February 2001.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\r\nWerr, Lamia Al-Gailani. \u0026ldquo;A Museum is Born.\u0026rdquo; In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Mesopotamia. Edited by Milbry Polk and Angela Schuster. 27-33. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E- Robert K. 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The \u003Ci\u003Elongue dur\u00e9e\u003C\/i\u003E of the clay tablet\u2019s use as a primary writing form and the durability of baked clay has led to an astounding number of tablets to survive to this day. Tablet here is the distinct and singular category of the baked clay text.There is no differentiation between the genre of the tablet but simply the materiality and dimensions of the object, be it lenticular of rectangular.Other forms of writing such as writing boards, prisms and cylinders are in categories of their own. Likewise the clay envelope casings that tablets were transported in are found in the envelope category. Similarly the category of \u2018Tablet \u0026amp; Envelope\u2019 is for tablets that have survived with their particular envelopes \u2013 in both extant and fragmented states \u2013 from antiquity. \u2018Tablet\u2019 is also distinct from the \u2018Tag\u2019 category as, although the objects can near identical lenticular inscribed clay objects, tags represent a specific administrative function and evolutionary point in the development of writing. "},"period":{"id":7,"sequence":8,"period":"ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)","name":"ED IIIa","time_range":"ca. 2600-2500 BC"},"provenience":{"id":184,"provenience":"Kish (mod. 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We find \u2018ordinary\u2019 cylinders whose bases are roughly circular and symmetrical and sides are relatively straight; and barrel cylinders which typically have a bulge in the centre. The inscription was usually parallel to the axis of the cylinder unlike a prism where the inscription is perpendicular to the axis. Both types were used in foundation deposits, and may have derived from Old Babylonian \u2018headless\u2019 cones. Cylinders are attested from the third millennium, such as the \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P431881\u0022\u003Ecylinders of Gudea\u003C\/a\u003E, ruler of Lagash, and first millennium, such as the \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P386349\u0022\u003ECyrus cylinder\u003C\/a\u003E from the Achaemenid period. While there are examples of cylinders from the Neo-Assyrian kings, like the \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P450274\u0022\u003Ecylinders of Sennacherib\u003C\/a\u003E, this object type was especially favoured by Neo-Babylonian kings, such as the \u003Ca href=\u0022\/P386348\u0022\u003Ecylinders of Nabonidus\u003C\/a\u003E. Cylinders were also used in scribal schools as a medium for writing exercises during the Old Babylonian period. For other clay objects found in foundation deposits, see the categories of \u2018Cone\u2019, \u2018Prism\u2019, and \u2018Tablet\u2019 respectively. For foundation pegs, see the \u2018Figure\u2019 category. \r\n- Ellen Ryan and Benjamin Caspi"},"period":{"id":8,"sequence":9,"period":"ED IIIb (ca. 2500-2340 BC)","name":"ED IIIb","time_range":"ca. 2500-2340 BC"},"provenience":{"id":252,"provenience":"Adab (mod. 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