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The main characteristics of scholarly texts and, in particular, those that deal with the sciences, provide a context for the study of form and content of medical texts. For example, medical texts employ the casuistic formula and, rather than setting down general theories, present concrete descriptions of medical problems, whether these were once observed or merely theorised. The ways in which symptoms and diseases are described and arranged in the medical texts reflect the methods of Mesopotamian scholarship more generally, and these works seem to reflect an attempt by scholars to make sense of the world around them and to organize it into a comprehensible framework.  The Kassite, or Middle Babylonian, period was especially important in the long-term process of standardisation and canonisation of such texts. Although the process by which works of the scientific disciplines reached their final form is not explained or even mentioned in the sources, it is thought to be the work of Kassite period transcribers and editors, since many representative texts of the scholarly tradition emerged from the library of Tiglath-Pileser I (who ruled from 1115-1107 BC) \u2013 so they emerged in essentially the same form in which they are attested in the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian copies.  The oldest known complete medical text is from about 2000 BC and is in Sumerian ([LINK]; see also Civil). A therapeutic text that deals with many types of misfortunate, among them medical problems like headaches, it is also the only known medical text in Sumerian to date. The rest of the known sources for the study of Mesopotamian medicine are in Akkadian."}}],"external_resources":[{"id":668547,"artifact_id":397481,"external_resource_id":254,"external_resource_key":"K.8080","external_resource":{"id":254,"external_resource":"Electronic Babylonian Library","base_url":"https:\/\/www.ebl.lmu.de\/fragmentarium\/","project_url":"https:\/\/www.ebl.lmu.de\/","abbrev":"eBL"}},{"id":668548,"artifact_id":397481,"external_resource_id":215,"external_resource_key":"P397481","external_resource":{"id":215,"external_resource":"Ashurbanipal Library Project","base_url":"http:\/\/oracc.org\/asbp\/","project_url":"http:\/\/oracc.museum.upenn.edu\/asbp","abbrev":"AsbP"}},{"id":668549,"artifact_id":397481,"external_resource_id":92,"external_resource_key":"W_K-8080","external_resource":{"id":92,"external_resource":"British Museum Collection","base_url":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/","project_url":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/","abbrev":"BM"}}],"dates":[],"collections":[{"id":257279,"artifact_id":397481,"collection_id":868,"collection":{"id":868,"collection":"British Museum, London, UK","collection_url":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org","collection_actor":"Agency","collection_holding":"Museum","collection_actor_status":"Public","collection_holding_status":"Extant","country_iso":"GBR","region_gadm":"GBR.1_1","district_gadm":"GBR.1.36_1","location_longitude_wgs1984":-0.12708,"location_latitude_wgs1984":51.5195,"glow_id":8,"license_id":"CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0","license_attribution":"The Trustees of the British Museum"}}],"artifact_type":{"id":4,"artifact_type":"tablet","parent_id":27},"period":{"id":23,"sequence":25,"period":"Neo-Assyrian (ca. 911-612 BC)","name":"Neo-Assyrian","time_range":"ca. 911-612 BC"},"provenience":{"id":279,"provenience":"Nineveh (mod. 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[...] _u2#_ ub-bi-ru _kasz3 munus u2-zug2_ sza2 _nita u3-tu eme_ ha-ar-ri-rat#\n12\u0027. [...] x _masz gesz-hur ge6 sag:du du su-tin{muszen} u5_ rak-ka-bi ina _kusz {mi2}asz2-gar3 gesz3 nu-zu#_\n13\u0027. [...] _muszen tin ur3-ra du3-du3_ ina _gu2_-szu2 _gar_-an\n14\u0027. [...] _a#_ ud-du-pu _muszen pa ti8{muszen}_ na-ah-ti _musz-tur_ ni-ih-ti _eme-[szid]_\n15\u0027. [... x]-lum# sza2 _pap-hal_ sza2 2(gesz2) 3(u) sza2 _ansze-kur-ra_ sza2 1(u) 5(disz) _eme-szid kun min-na igi gu4 ge6_\n16\u0027. [...] _nim ur4-ur4_ tin-bu-ut-ti _a-sza3 sig2 {u2}ugax(NAGA){ga}{muszen} ge6_ ina _kusz_\n17\u0027. _pa# ti8 muszen szir lu2-mesz_ ina _kusz_ \n18\u0027. [...] _kum2#_-mi {u2}la2 {u2}sumun-dar_ ina _kusz_\n19\u0027. [...] x _ge6 uruda nita2_ ina _kusz_\n20\u0027. [...] _musz_ {u2}a-nu-nu-tu _suhusz_ u2-ra-an-nim ina _kusz_\n21\u0027. [...] _{u2}la2 im-babbar_ {na4}lu-lu-tu2\n$ rest broken\n@reverse\n$ beginning broken\n1\u0027. [...] _ugu-dul-bi_ [...]\n2\u0027. [...] _ka-gal ur-gi7 ge6 sig2 nig ge6 sig2 kun# ur-gi7 ge6_\n3\u0027. [... _{mi2}asz2-gar3] gesz3 nu-zu_\n$ single ruling\n4\u0027. [...] _ge6 imin-bi e-ne-ne szu-u-me-ti su-ta u-me-ni-du3-du3 gu2-ba gar_\n5\u0027. [...] _{u2}gir2 suhusz {u2}ku6 numun {gesz}ma-nu {u2}szakir si dara3-masz igi gu4_ tu2-s,a-pat [x]\n6\u0027. [...] _szu-u-me-ti su-ta u-me-ni-du3-du3 gu-ba gar al#_-an\n7\u0027. [...] _nu-zu sig2 {mi2}asz2-gar3 gesz3 nu-zu babbar_ u _ge6 szu-u-me-ti_\n8\u0027. [... _u]-me-ni-du3-du3 gu2-ba gar_\n9\u0027. [...] _sig2 sag-du munus nu u3-tu ga {mi2}asz2-gar3 u2-zug2_ ina _kusz_\n10\u0027. [...] x pi-s,al-lu{muszen} _kun eme-szid gun3-a i3-udu_ a-a-ar2-_dingir_ ina _kusz_\n11\u0027. [...] x _du an-ta-szub-ba_ ni-s,ir-ti _lu2 {d}nanna abgal uri3{ki}_\n$ single ruling\n12\u0027. [... _lil2]-la2#-en-na ki-sikil-lil2-la2-en-na ugu_-szu2 _szub_-tu2 _numun {gesz}szinig_ ina _kusz_\n13\u0027. [...] x sza2 lem-nu-tu# ni-kip-tu2 _nita2_ u _munus_ ina _kusz#_\n14\u0027. [...] x x _bil-za-za sig7_ ina _kusz#_\n15\u0027. [...] ina _kusz#_\n16\u0027. [...] _gul#_ ina _kusz#_\n17\u0027. [...] u x ina _[kusz]_ \n18\u0027. [...] x _zalag_ ina _kusz#_\n19\u0027. [...] ina _kusz#_\n20\u0027. [...]\n$ rest broken\n\n","is_atf2conll_diff_resolved":true,"is_latest":true}}]